بررسی اثر مالچ آلی بر مهار علف‌های هرز و کیفیت محصول در کشت مخلوط استویا (Stevia rebaudiana) و گل گاوزبان ایرانی (Echium amoenum)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، باوی، ملاثانی، ایران

2 مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی،-اراک, ایران

چکیده

استویا (Stevia rebaudidna Bertoni) یک شیرین‌کننده طبیعی کم‌کالری و گل‌گاو‌زبان ایرانی (Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) یک گیاه دارویی پرمصرف است. از راه‌های صحیح برای مدیریت تولید محصولات گیاهی که منجر به بهبود کارآیی مصرف منابع می‌شود، استفاده از سیستم‌های کشت مخلوط می‌باشد، که به‌عنوان یکی از جلوه‌های کشاورزی پایدار شناخته می‌شود. آزمایش به‌صورت دوساله (1401-1400 و 1400-1399) و به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار در شهرستان اراک انجام شد. عامل اول کاربرد مالچ کاه ‌و‌کلش گندم  (Triticum aestivum L.) شامل عدم کاربرد مالچ (شاهد)، پوشش مالچ روی جوی‌ها (سه تن در هکتار)، پوشش مالچ روی جوی‌ها و پشته‌ها (شش تن در هکتار) و عامل دوم شامل کشت مخلوط به‌روش جایگزینی (کشت خالص استویا، 75 درصد استویا + 25 درصد گل‌گاوزبان، 50 استویا + 50 درصد گل‌گاوزبان، 25 درصد استویا + 75 درصد گل‌گاوزبان، کشت خالص گل‌گاوزبان) بودند. اثر متقابل مالچ و کشت مخلوط بر زیست‌توده علف‌های هرز، رطوبت حجمی خاک، گلیکوزیدهای استویا و اسیدهای چرب گل‌گاوزبان و دمای کانوپی (تاج‌پوشش) در تابستان معنی‌دار شد. مالچ اثر معنی‌دار بر دمای تاج‌پوشش در زمستان داشت، پوشش مالچ مانند یک عایق حرارتی باعث افزایش دما در زیر کاه‌و‌کلش گندم شد. بیشترین زیست‌توده علف‌هرز (260 گرم بر مترمربع) در کشت خالص استویا و عدم مصرف مالچ و کم‌ترین زیست‌توده علف‌هرز (60 گرم بر مترمربع) در کشت خالص گل گاوزبان و پوشش کامل جوی و پشته توسط مالچ مشاهده شد. بالاترین میزان استویوزید (74/3 درصد) در نسبت کشت 75 درصد استویا + 25 درصد گل‌گاوزبان و مالچ در داخل جوی به دست آمد. بیشترین مقدار رطوبت حجمی (7/12 درصد) در کشت خالص گل‌گاوزبان و پوشش جوی و پشته به‌وسیله مالچ حاصل شد. بیشترین میزان اسیدهای چرب غیراشباع اولئیک (8/21 درصد) و لینولئیک (7/24 درصد) در کشت خالص گل‌گاوزبان و پوشش جوی و پشته به‌وسیله مالچ به دست آمد. به‌طور کلی، با کاربرد مالچ در جوی و پشته (شش تن در هکتار) بهترین نتایج کیفی حاصل شد. بالاترین وزن گل خشک گاوزبان ایرانی (837 کیلوگرم در هکتار) با کاربرد مالچ در جوی و پشته و نسبت کشت 50 درصد استویا و 50 درصد گاوزبان به دست آمد. همچنین با توجه به عدم تولید گل‌گاوزبان در سال اول و تولید استویا در تیمارهای کشت مخلوط و نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از تولید محصول هر دو گیاه در سال دوم، مشخص گردید که تیمار کشت مخلوط 50 درصد گل‌گاوزبان و 50 درصد استویا در درجه اول و سپس تیمار کشت مخلوط 75 درصد استویا و 25 درصد گل‌گاوزبان مناسب‌ترین نسبت‌های کشت مخلوط می‌باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Effect of Mulch on Weed Control and Product Quality in Intercropping of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) and Iranian Borage (Echium amoenum)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Raiszadeh 1
  • Alireza Abdali Mashhadi 1
  • Mohammad Housain Gharineh 1
  • Gholam Reza Goodarzi 2
  • Amin Lotfi Jalalabadi 1
1 Department of Production and Plant Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Bavi, Mollasani, Iran.
2 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Central-Arak Province, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Intercropping is one of the most economical and accessible methods for increasing crop production. Intercropping increases the quantity and quality of yield by reducing intraspecific competition and supporting plants mutually. Research on organic mulches relates to plant residues such as straw, leaves, and various types of manure. In sustainable agriculture, mulches can improve conditions for growth and environmental stress tolerance. The use of mulch and mixed cropping can affect environmental factors (such as temperature, humidity, water and soil salinity, and light intensity and quality) and biological factors (such as fauna and flora inside and outside the soil surface, pest, disease, and weed populations, and reduced intra- and inter-specific competition) at the microclimate scale, improving quantitative and qualitative Yield. Iranian borage (Echium amoenum) is a herbaceous, perennial, long-day plant, and stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a bushy, perennial plant sensitive to cold. In this regard, intercropping stevia and Iranian borage in new regions can create opportunities for employment and profitability.
 
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted as a two-year factorial with two factors based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Arak during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons. Treatments included wheat straw mulch at three levels (no mulch - zero, furrow mulch coverage - 3 tons per hectare, and complete furrow and ridge mulch coverage - six tons per hectare) and intercropping ratios of stevia and Iranian borage using replacement method (100% Iranian borage, 75% Iranian borage - 25% stevia, 50% Iranian borage - 50% stevia, 25% Iranian borage -75% stevia, and 100% stevia).
 
Results and Discussion
The lowest weed biomass (60 g/m²) and highest volumetric moisture content in the first year (12.07) and second year (12.7) were observed in pure Iranian borage cultivation with complete furrow and ridge mulch coverage. The highest weed biomass (296 g/m²) and lowest volumetric moisture content in the first year (2.5) and second year (2.03) were found in pure stevia cultivation without mulch. The highest canopy temperature in winter (3.86°C) was obtained with furrow and ridge mulch coverage, while the lowest summer canopy temperature (32°C) was observed in intercropping ratios of 50% stevia-50% borage, 75% borage-25% stevia, and pure Iranian borage cultivation with complete furrow and ridge mulch coverage. The highest stevioside content in stevia (3.74) was achieved with a 75% stevia-25% Iranian borage ratio and furrow mulch application. Analysis of Iranian borage fatty acids showed the highest gamma-linolenic acid percentage with furrow and ridge mulch coverage, differing by 1.2% from the lowest percentage observed without mulch. The highest unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid (21.8%) and linoleic acid (24.7%), were obtained in the planting ratio (25% stevia and 75% Iranian borage and pure Iranian borage cultivation) with furrow and ridge mulch, while the lowest oleic acid (17.9%) and linoleic acid (18.8%) were found in the ratio (25% stevia and 75% Iranian borage without mulch). The highest saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid (10.5%), was found in the intercropping ratio (25% stevia and 75% borage) without mulch, and the highest stearic acid (4.95%) was obtained in the ratio (75% stevia and 25% Iranian borage and pure cultivation) without mulch. The lowest saturated fatty acid palmitic (9.92%), and the lowest stearic acid (4.05%) were obtained in the treatment (75% stevia and 25% Iranian borage with furrow and ridge mulch). The highest dry flower weight of Iranian borage (837 kg/ha) was obtained with the use of mulch in rows and ridges and an intercropping ratio of 50% stevia and 50% Iranian borage. The highest stevia plant height was observed in the 100% stevia and complete furrow and ridge mulch coverage. Results showed that applying mulch in-furrow and ridge and intercropping with a higher percentage of stevia leads to better quality in Iranian borage oil.
 
Conclusion
The furrow and ridge mulch coverage treatment resulted in the highest levels of measured traits in this study, including soil volumetric moisture content, unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid content, the highest gamma-linolenic acid content, as well as maximum winter canopy temperature and lowest weed biomass. The planting ratio (75% stevia - 25% borage) with furrow mulch application achieved the highest stevioside content.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Canopy Temperature
  • Fatty Acid
  • Glycoside
  • Soil Volumetric Moisture

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

مراجع

  1. Abdullateef, R.A., & Osman, M. (2011). Studies on effects of pruning on vegetative traits in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Compositae). International Journal of Biology, 4(1), 146-153. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v4n1p146
  2. Acharya, C.L., Hati, K.M., & Bandopadhyay, K. (2005). Mulches In: Hillel D. Encyclopedia of Soils: in the Environment: Elsevier Publication, 4, 521-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00250-2
  3. Akbarnia, A., Chahrchchian, M.M., Baghdadi, H., & Pilehfarosh, M. (2009). Cultivation of Medicinal Plants (3rd Volume, Borage Flower) Sayeh Gostar Publications, Tehran, Iran. 60 pp. (In Persian)
  4. Akhtar, K., Wang, W., Khan, A., Ren, G., Afridi, M.Z., & Feng, Y. (2019). Wheat straw mulching offset soil moisture deficient for improving physiological and growth performance of summer sown soybean. Agricultural Water Management, 211(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.09.031
  5. Allam, A., Nassar, A., & Besheit, S. (2001). Nitrogen fertilizer requirements of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under Egyptian condition. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 79(3), 1005-1018. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJAR.2001.320014
  6. Ali, A., Gull, I., Nas, S., & Afghan, S. (2010). Biochemical investigation during different stages of in vitro propagation of Stevia rebaudiana. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(4), 2827-2837.
  7. Amiri, M.B., Jahan, M., & Moghaddam, P.R. (2022). An exploratory method to determine the plant characteristics affecting the final yield of Echium amoenum & C.A. Mey. under fertilizers application and plant densities. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1881. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05724-8
  8. Arora, V.K., Singh, C.B., Sidhu, A.S., & Thind, S.S. (2011). Irrigation, tillage and mulching effects on soybean yield and water productivity in relation to soil texture. Agricultural Water Management, 98, 563–568. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.agwat.2010.10.004
  9. Bagheri Shirvan, M., Zaefarian, F., Bicharanlou, B., & Asadi, G. (2014). Evaluation of replacement intercropping of soybean (Glycine max) with sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and borage (Borago officinalis L.) under weed infestation. Journal of Agroecology, 6(1), 70-83. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v6i1.35675
  10. Baker, E.J., Miles, E.A., Burdge, G.C., Yaqoob, P., & Calder, P.C. (2016). Metabolism and functional effects of plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids in humans. Progress in Lipid Research, 64, 30–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2016.07.002
  11. Basereh, A., Eslami, S.V., & Aghajani, M. (2015). Evaluating the impact of type and amount of plant stubble mulch on temperature fluctuations of the soil surface. 6th Weed Science Conference, Birjand, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract). https://civilica.com/doc/736433
  12. Burt, C.M., Mutziger, A., Howes, D.J., & Solomon, K.H. (2002). The effect of stubble and mulch on soil evaporation. Irrigation training and research center BioResource and Agricultral engineering Department of California Polytechnicstat University San Luis Obis. CA 93407-805-756-2433.
  13. Cacciola, F., Delmonte, P., Jaworska, K., Dugo, P., Mondello, L., & Rader, J.I. (2011). Employing ultra high pressure liquid chromatography as the second dimension in a comprehensive two-dimensional system for analysis of Stevia rebaudianaJournal of Chromatography. A, 1218(15), 2012–2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.081
  14. Carr, M.P., Gardner, C.J., Schatz, G.B.W.S., Zwinger, W.S., & Guldan, J.S. (1995). Grain yield and weed biomass of a wheat-lentil intercrop. Agronomy Journal, 87, 574–579. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700030030x
  15. Chen, Y., Liu, T., Tian, X., Wang, X., & Li, M. (2015). Effects of plastic film combined with straw mulch on grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in Loess Plateau. Filed Crops Research, 175, 53-58. https://doi.org/1016/j.fcr.2014.11.016
  16. Davis, C.C., & Choisy, P. (2024). Medicinal plants meet modern biodiversity science. Current Biology, 34(4), 158-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.038
  17. Feldman, R.S., Holmes, C.E., & Blomgren, T.A. (2000). Use of fabric and compost mulches for vegetable production in a low tillage, permanent bed system: Effects on crop yield and labor. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 15(4), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300008705
  18. Florence, A.M., & McGuire, A.M. (2020). Do diverse cover crop mixtures perform better than monocultures? A systematic review. Agronomy Journal, 112(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20340
  19. Forouzin, F., & Nour-Abadi, A. (2011). Evaluating the integrated weed management methods in reduction of environmental effects of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica). National Symposium of Climate Change and its Effect on Agriculture and Environment. Orumiyeh, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)
  20. Ghanbari Moheb Seraj, R., Ahmadikhah, A., Shariati, V., & Dezhsetan, S. (2022). Comparison of fatty acids and hydrocarbons of milk thistle in different levels of water stress. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 35(3), 592-605. (In Persian with English abstract)
  21. Gity, S., & Raoofy, M. (2017). Yield, essential oil and some morphological characteristics of peppermint (Mentha piperita) influenced by hand weeding and plant density. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 27(1), 13-23. 20.1001.1.24764310.1396.27.1.2.2
  22. Goyal, S.K., Samsher, & Goyal, R.K. (2010). Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) a bio-sweetener: A review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 61(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637480903193049
  23. Guil-Guerrero, J.L., García-Maroto, F., & Giménez, A. (2001). Fatty acid profiles from forty-nine plant species that are potential new sources of γ-linolenic acid. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 78, 677-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-001-0325-9.
  24. Holland, J.B., & Brummer, E.C. (1999). Cultivar effects on oat–berseem clover intercrops. Agronomy Journal, 91, 321-329. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.00021962009100020023x
  25. Hosseinpour Azad, N., Nematzadeh, G., Azadbakht, M., Kazemitabar, S., & Shokri, E. (2012). Investigation on fatty acids profile in two ecotypes of Iranian Echium amoenum Fisch & Mey. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 27(4), 587-595. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2012.4508
  26. Jahantigh, M., Dahmardeh, M., Galavi, M., Khammari, I., & Piri, H. (2021). Evaluation of wind sand and domestic manure levels on growth Iindices and Allicene content in garlic (Allium sativium). Journal of Arid Biome, 11(1), 93-104.
  27. Jordan, A., Zavala, L., & Gil, J. (2010). Effects of mulching on soil physical properties and runoff under semi-arid conditions in Southern Spain. Catena, 81, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.01.007
  28. Lajara, J.R.U., Diaz, U., & Quidiello, R.D. (1990). Definite influence of location and climatic conditions on the fatty acid conditions of sunflower oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 67, 618-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540410
  29. Manasar, A.L., Sutharsan, S., Rifnas, L.M.S.L., & Iqbal, L.M. (2022). Effects of mulching on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) CV. Haritha. International Journal of Advance and Innovative Research, 9(3), 119-125.
  30. Moreno, M.M., & Moreno, A. (2008). Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylene mulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop. Scientia Horticulturae, 116, 256-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.01.007
  31. Peiretti, P.G., Palmegiano, G.B., & Salamano, G. (2004). Quality and fatty acid content of borage (Borago officinalis) during the growth cycle. Italian Journal of Food Science, 16, 177-185. https://sid.ir/paper/543125/en
  32. Ramesh, V., Singh, N.W., & Megeji, K. (2006). Cultivation of stevia [Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni]: A comprehensive review. Advances in Agronomy, 89, 137-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(05)89003-0
  33. Rezapour Kavishahi, T., Mostafavirad, M., Saifzadeh, S., Valadabady, A.R., & Hadidimasouleh, E. (2021). Response of qualitative yield and fatty acids combination in groundnut oil to intercropped system with corn and combined application of chemical phosphorus and bio-fertilizers. Journal of Crop Production, 14(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2021.18533.2371
  34. Sekeroglu, N., & Ozgüven, M. (2006). Effects of different nitrogen doses and row spacing applications on yield and quality of Oenothera biennis grown in irrigated lowland and unirrigated dryland conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 30, 125-135.
  35. Seyed Noori, O., Mostafavi Rad, M., & Ansari, M.H. (2017). Evaluation of grain yield, land equivalent ratio and fatty acids combination of peanut oil in intercorpping with corn as affected by different levels of nitrogen. Journal of Crops Improvement, 18(4), 805-820. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2017.56653
  36. Shahbyki, M., Makarian, H., & Abbasdokht, H. (2017). Allelopathic effect of wheat and barley residues on yield and yield components of cowpea (Vigna sinensis) and weeds control. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 15(4), 838-850. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i4.55364
  37. Sharifi, Z., Zare, A., Elahifard, E., & Abdali, A. (2022). Quantitative and qualitative yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) affected by application of wheat straw mulch and herbicide. Journal of Crops Improvement, 25(4), 855-871. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2022.342600.2703
  38. Singh, A.C., Singh, P.K., & Vishwakarma, S.P. (2024). Comparative performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) based inter cropping systems with different row ratios under irrigated condition. International Journal of Research in Agronomy, 7(11), 403-436. https://doi.org/10.33545/2618060X.2024.v7.i11f.2014
  39. Toker, P., Canci, H., Turhan, I., Isci, A., Scherzinger, M., Kordrostami, M., & Yol, E. (2024). The advantages of intercropping to improve productivity in food and forage production – A review. Plant Production Science, 27(3), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2024.2372878
  40. Yang, C., Iqbal, N., Hu, B., Zhang, Q., Wu, H., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Liu, W., Yang, W., & Liu, J. (2017). Targeted metabonomics analysis of fatty acid in soybean seed by GC-MS reveal the metabolic manipulation of shading in intercropping system. Analytical Methods, 3(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7AY00011A
  41. Yu, R.P., Dresboll, D.B., Finckh, M.R., Justes, E., Werf, W., Fletcher, A., Carlsson, G., & Li, L. (2025). Intercropping: ecosystem functioning and sustainable agriculture. Plant Soil, 506(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-07111-w

 

ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 15 آذر 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 26 فروردین 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 09 اردیبهشت 1404
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 17 خرداد 1404

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار