تأثیر مدیریت بهینه نیتروژن و جهت‌های کاشت بر ﺻﻔﺎت اکوﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و اﺟﺰای ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﭼﺎی ﺗﺮش ((Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم باغبانی، ، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

2 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور ارزیابی تأثیر جهت کشت و تقسیط نیتروژن بر ﺻﻔﺎت اکوﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و اﺟﺰای ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد گیاه دارویی چای ترش ((Hibiscus sabdariffa L. آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپلیت‌پلات در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در پژوهشکده تحقیقاتی دانشگاه زابل در سال زراعی 1396-1395 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل جهت کشت در دو سطح (شمالی- جنوبی، شرقی- غربی) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و تقسیط نیتروژن از منبع اوره چهار سطح (یک‌سوم قبل از کاشت، یک‌سوم مرحله چهار‌برگی، یک‌سوم مرحله ساقه رفتن؛ یک‌دوم قبل ازکاشت یک‌دوم مرحله چهار‌برگی؛ یک‌دوم مرحله چهار‌برگی یک‌دوم مرحله ساقه رفتن؛ یک‌سوم مرحله چهار‌برگی، یک‌سوم مرحله ساقه رفتن، یک‌سوم مرحله گل‌دهی) به‌عنوان عامل ­فرعی بودند. نتایج ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد که جهت کشت و تقسیط نیتروژن بر صفات ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد غوزه در بوته، وزن تر کاسبرگ، وزن خشک کاسبرگ و شاخص برداشت معنی­دار بود. امّا تعداد شاخه جانبی و قطر ساقه تنها تحت تأثیر جهت کشت قرار گرفتند. عملکرد بیولوژیک تنها تحت تأثیر تقسیط نیتروژن قرار گرفت. اثر متقابل جهت کشت و تقسیط نیتروژن برای صفت شاخص برداشت معنی‌دار (پنج درصد) و برای سایر صفات مورفولوژیک بسیار معنی­دار (یک درصد) شد. بر اساس نتایج مقایسه میانگین تیمارها مشخص گردید که به‌جز تعداد شاخه جانبی تمامی صفات مورفولوژیکی اندازه‌گیری شده در جهت کشت شمالی- جنوبی دارای بیش‌ترین مقدار بودند. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن به‌صورت مصرف در مرحله چهاربرگی، مرحله ساقه رفتن و گل‌دهی نسبت به سایر تیمارها بر ویژگی‌های اندازه‌گیری شده تأثیر معنی‌داری داشت. زمان‌بندی صحیح مصرف کود، مهم‌تر از کل مقدار کود به کار رفته می­باشد، به‌طوری که ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻮد ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ویژگی­های عملکردی چای ترش شد که در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ می­تواند ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎی ﮐﻮدی و آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ را در ﭘﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Optimum Nitrogen Management and Planting Directions on Ecomorphological Characteristics, Yield and Yield Components of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farzaneh Rigi 1
  • Mehdi Dahmardeh 2
  • Issa Khammari 2
  • Reza Bagheri 1
1 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
2 Agronomyy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a medicinal plant and belongs to the family Malvaceae, short day plant, self-pollination, one year old or a few years old in the warm and indigenous climate of Africa. The main objective in crop management is to maximize light gain by crop canopy. Nitrogen is the first element that has a shortage in arid and semi-arid regions. Considering that agriculture in the Sistan region is associated with unfavorable environmental factors such as water shortages and nutrients in the soil, and severe 120-day winds. The aim of this research was to investigate the planting direction for determining the most suitable planting direction, optimal use of chemical fertilizers and determining their best application time for the medicinal plant of Roselle under Sistan climate conditions.
Materials and Methods
A split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Institute of Zabol University during growing season of 2016-2017. Treatments experiment included two levels of planting directions two levels (North-South, East-West) As the main plot and the split of nitrogen fertilizer from the source of urea in four levels (1/3 per planting, 1/3 four leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation; 1/2 post planting, 1/2 four leaf stage; 1/2 four leaf stage, 1/2 stem elongation; 1/3 four leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation, 1/3 Flowering stage) as a subsidiary agent. Ecological parameters such as light, temperature and soil moisture at the end of flowering stage and organic matter, nitrogen and soil carbon were measured after plant harvest. The morphological characteristics were measured at the end of the growth season at the end of the complete inspection of the Sepals. Data were averaged for each sample (measured for 5 samples), with variance and mean computation. The mean test was performed using a 5% mean field test and a knowledge Duncan multiple test. Statistical data analysis was performed using SAS software version 9.1.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the effect of planting directions and split of nitrogen fertilizer on traits stem height, stem diameter, number of lateral branch, number of boll, economical yield, sepals dry weight, harvest  index was significant. Except for the number of lateral branches, all morphological traits measured for north-south planting directions were the highest. The highest economical yield was 644 kg.ha-1 the biological yield of 9352 kg.ha-1and the harvest index of 6.39 kg.ha-1were obtained from treatment (1/3 four leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation, 1/3 flowering stage) The results of correlation coefficients between morphological and ecological traits showed that the highest correlation (0.96) (0.91) was found between the number of flower bowls with economic performance and between stem diameter and economic performance, which was positive and very significant. Thereafter, there was the highest correlation (-0.85) between biological yield and soil organic matter (after plant harvest), which was negative and very significant.
 Conclusion
The results showed that planting directions north-south enjoying the better of ecological agents increase the yield and sepals been in medicinal plant Roselle, Also with nitrogen fertilizer management in such a way that soil nitrogen availability is more adapted to the sensitive times of the need for Roselle, It can be used with a nitrogen split application in order to increase the yield of Roselle, Application of treatment (1/3 four leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation, 1/3 Flowering stage), which is simultaneously with the plant's sensitive vegetative and reproductive stages is recommended. Therefore, the use of chemical fertilizers as a split, while lead to reducing consumption and increasing the efficiency of chemical fertilizers in order to achieve sustainable agriculture and environmental protection is recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil temperature
  • Soil matter organic
  • Soil nitrogen
  • Sepals yield
Aghjeali, A.A., Nakhzarymoghadam, A., Razmi Karizaki, A., and Gholamalli Pour Almodari, A., 2017. The effect Nitrogen Split and supplemental irrigation on grain yield, Protein, measure Proline Green Gram (Vigna radiate L.). Conference International Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources, In the third Hazare, 1 May 2017, p. 91-96.
Al-Harbi, A.R., and Wahb-Allah, M.A. 2006., Effect of biofertilization under different nitrogen levels on growth, yield and quality of summer squash. Journal of the Saudi Society for Agricultural Sciences 5(1): 42-54.
Arshadi, M.J., Khazaee, H.R., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Aghlee, S.O., 2010..The effects of some important agronomic traits in potato yield (Solanum tuberosum L.) and the ability to determine the time required potato crop to nitrogen fertilizer using chlorophyll meter. Journal of Agroecology (2)1: 119-128. (In Persian with English Summary)
Awal, M.A., Koshi, H., and Ikeda, T., 2006. Radiation interception and use by maize peanut intercrop canopy. Agricultural for Meteorology 139(1): 74–83.
Barzin, A., Gholizdeh, A.A, Biabani, A., and Naeemi, A., 2017. Effect of bio- fertilizer and nitrogen split on performance and yield components of wheat cultivar Karim in dryland conditions. Fourth Scientific Research Conference on the Development and Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, Natural Resources and Environment of Iran. 1st May 2017, p. 80-87.
Behdani, M.A., 2011. Principles of Cultivation, Publication of AYJ, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Beheshti, A.R., and Seyyed Kaboli, E., 2017. The influence of distribution nitrogen fertilizer management on absorbed and radiation use efficiency in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes. Journal of Agroecology 9(3): 848-861. (In Persian with English Summary)
Bantilan, R.T., Palada, M., and Harwood, R.R., 1976. Integrated weed management, I. Key factors offecting weed/crop balance. Philippine Weed Science, Bulletin 1: 1-14.
Carretero, R., Serrago, R.A., Bancal, M.O., Perello, A.E., and Miralles, D.J., 2010. Absorbed radiation and radiation use efficiency as affected by foliar diseases in relation to their vertical position into the canopy in wheat. Field Crops Research 116: 184-195.
Emam, Y., and Seghat Alslami, M.J., 2005. Yield of Agricultural Plants (Physiology and Processes). University of Shiraz Press, Iran. (In Persian)
Euroconsult, P., 1989. Agricultural compendium for rural development the tropics and subtrpics. Elsevier, Amsterdam. p. 82.
Fakhari, R., Tobeh, A., Khanzadeh, H., Gholipour, A.A., and Alebrahimi, M.T., 2014. Effect of Cover Crops and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Total Production of Forage Corn and Dry Weight of Weeds, Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 3(31): 285-300. (In Persian with English Summary)
Faraji, F., Esfahani, M., Kavoosi, M., Nahvi, M., and Rabiei, B., 2011. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on grain yield and milling recovery of rice (Oryza sativa cv. Khazar). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 13 (1): 61-77. (In Persian with English Summary)
Foladwand, M., and Badavi, A., 2015. Effect of planting density, nitrogen fertilizer amount and splitting and nitrogen efficiency on quality characteristics of Safflower( Carthamus tinctorius L.) in competition with weeds. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 13(2): 358-368. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ganjali, H.M., Kamali Deljoo, A., Azizian Shermeh, O., and Lakizahi, M., 2017. Growth and yield characteristics of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) affected by different rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Saravan, Iran. Agroecology Journal 13(1): 29-37. (In Persian with English Summary)
Gardner, F.P., Pearce R.B., and Mitchell, R.L., 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, p. 327.
Hasani, N.A., and Sinaki, J.M., 2011. Ability of different tree species in the reduction of mechanical stress of wind in the arid regions. Journal of Crop Science 4(6): 230-240. (In Persian with English Summary)
Heidari sharif abadi, H., 2012. Physiology of Crop yield (Interaction of genotype* Environment* Management). Astan Quds Razavi Publishing, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Hodiani mehr, A., Dahmardeh, M., Khammari, I., and Asgharipoor, M.R., 2017.Effects of tillage systems on changes of soil nutrients, yield and land equivalent ratio in roselle – green gram intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 15(2): 311-322. (In Persian with English Summary)
Khaje Pour, M.R., 2014. Principles of agriculture (Third Edition) Academic Jihad (Isfahan University of Sanati) Publications, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Koocheki, A., and Soltani, A., 1998. Agricultural in Dry Lands Principles and Practic, Agricultural Education publication, Iran. (In Persian)
Li, S., Wang, Z., Miao, Y., and Li, S., 2014. Soil organic nitrogen and its contribution to crop production. Journal Integr Agricultural 13: 2061-2080.
Losak, T., and Richter, R., 2004. Split nitrogen doses and their efficiency in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) nutrition. Plant Soil and Environment 50(11): 484-488.
Madanifard, A., Nakhzari Moghaddam, A., Biabani, A., and Razmi karizaki, A., 2015. Study on effect of planting orientation and direction on yield and yield components of bean green seeds. Journal of Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology 2(1): 31-37 (In Persian with English Summary)
Margesi, S., Kagashe, G., and Dhokia, D., 2013. Determination of iron contents in Hibsicus sabdariffa calyces and Kigelia Africana fruit. Scholars Acad. Journal Bioscience (SAJB) 1(4): 108-111.
Melkotti, M.J., 2006. Sustainable agriculture. Sina Publications, Iran. (In Persian)
Melkotti, M.J., and Homahi, M., 2004. Fertility of soils in arid and semi arid regions, Second edition, Tarbiat Modares University Press Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Mirzadeh, H., Nakhzari moghaddam, H., Biabani, A., Razmi karizaki, A., and Fallah, H.A., 2015. Effect Study of ecological indicators of ecosystem wheat crop. Journal of Biological Conservation of Herbs 3(7): 354-360. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mirzashahi, K., and Bazargan, K., 2015. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Agricultural Research and Training Organization, Technical Journal No 535. (In Persian)
Mohammadpour Vashvaei, R., Ghanbari, A., and Fakheri, B.A., 2017. Effect of bio-fertilizers in combination with different rates of chemical fertilizers on the growth characters and sepals yield of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Journal of Agroecology 9(2): 276-295 (In Persian with English Summary)
Mokhele, B., Zhan, X., Yang, G., and Zhang, X., 2012. Review: Nitrogen assimilation in crop plants and its affecting factors.Canadian Journal of Plant Scienc 92: 399-405.
Mosavi Jahromi, A., and Moahdasi, M.SH., 2010. Evaluation the Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization Time on Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower Hybrid Cultivars in Saveh Area. Quarterly Journal of Science of Plant Growth 7(5):1-5.
Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., Rezvani, P., and Beheshti, A., 2015. Agroecology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publishes. (In Persian)
Olivera, M., Iribane C., and Liuck, C., 2002. Effect of phosphorus on nodulacion and N2 fixation by bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proceedings of the 15th International Meeting on Microbia Phosphate Solubilization. 16-19 July, Salamanca, Spain.
Oyewole, C.L., and Mera, M., 2010. Response of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) to rates of nitrogen and farmyard fertilizer in the Sudan savanna ecological zone of Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5(17): 2305-2309.
Panbhekar, N.A., Dastan, S., Yadi, R., and Shahidifar, A.A., 2015. Effect of nitrogen spliting and distance on row on yield and yield components of Broad bean )Vicia faba L. ( Barcat cultivar. Journal of Agricultural Research 6(4): 223-229. (In Persian with English Summary)
Pengcheng, L., Helin, D., Aizhong, L., Jingran, L., Miao, L., Yabing, L., Shaodong, L., Xinhua, Z., and Shuchun, M., 2017. Effects of nitrogen rate and split application ratio on nitrogen use and soil nitrogen balance in cotton field, Elsevier, China 27(4): 769-777.
Polychronaki, E., Douma C., Giourga C., and Loumou A., 2012. Assessing nitrogen fertilization strategies in winter wheat and cotton crops in northern Greece, Pedosphere 22(5): 689-697
Pouryousef, M., Mazaheri, D., Chaiechi, M.R., Rahimi, A., and Tavakoli A., 2010. Effect of different soil fertilizing treatments on some of agro morphological traits and mucilage of isabgol (plantago ovata forsk). Electronic Journal of crop production 13: 543-593. (In Persian with English Summary)
Qranjik, A., and Galeshi, S., 2001. Effect of nitrogen spray on yield and yield component of wheat. Agriculture and Natural Resource Journal 8 (2): 87 - 98. (In Persian with English Summary)
Rejaei1, M., Dahmardeh, M., Khammari, I., and Keshtegar, B., 2018. The effect of planting pattern and vermicompost on the changes in soil nutrients and use of environmental resources in intercropping of Corn (Zea mays L.), Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Borage (Borago officinalis L.). Journal of Agroecology 10(2): 547-564. (In Persian with English Summary)
Russel, R., 1977. Plant Root Systems (The Function and Interaction with the Soil). Marcel Dekter. USA.
Sarcheshmeh Pour, M., and Hadi Frapour, M., 2011. The role of microorganisms in reducing the effects of drought stress and increasing water use efficiency by the plant. Eleventh general irrigation Seminar and evaporation reduction., pp. 20-26.
Sarmadnia, G., and Koocheki, A., 1991. Physiology of Crop Plants. Jihad Daneshgahi of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
Seyyed Sharifi, R., Ghyasi, A., Khommari, S., and Barmaki M., 2014. Evaluation effect of the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilization on yield and nitrogen use efficiency )Glycine max L.) the National Conference of Agricultural Engineering and Management of Natural Resources, Sustainable Environment, pp.45-53. (In Persian with English summary)
Shirani Rad, A.H., Bigdley, M., and Ramezani, M., 2010. Effect of quantities and nitrogen split on quantitative and qualitative traits of mustard medicinal plant in summer planting. Quarterly Scientific Research of Crop Ecophysiology 2(4): 271-283. (In Persian with English summary)
Shruthi, V., Ramachandra, C., Daykumar, N., Sharanagouda, H., Nagaraj, N., and Kurubar, A., 2016. A review Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa l.) as a source of natural colour. Plant Archives (Karnataka), India. 16)2(: 515-522.
Stansel, J.W., Bollich, C.N., Thysell, J.R., and Hall, V.L., 1965. The influence of light intensity and nitrogen fertility on rice yield and componenents yield. Rice Jurnal 68(4): 34-35.
Sing, R.P., Dauley, H.S., H.P., and Prasead, M.V.R., 1973. Drylads of Western Rajasthan need a new technology. Indian Farming 22(10): 13-15.
Torabi Jefrodi, A., Hasanzade, A., and Fayaz, A., 2005. Effect of planting arrangement and plant population on yield, yield components and some morphological characteristics of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science 36(3): 639-646. (In Persian with English Summary)
Walkly, A., and Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37(1): 29-38.
Wazirie, A., 2017. Evaluation of of the effect planting directions (North-South and East-West)
Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) In mixed cultivation with local beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Department of Agroecology MSc. Thesis, University of Zabul, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Yang G., Tang H., Nie Y., and Zhang X., 2011. Responses of cotton growth, yield, and biomass to nitrogen split application ratio. European Journal of Agronomy 35(3): 164-170.
Zangani, A., 2001. Evaluation effect of different nitrogen levels on the growth and yield and quality of grain in two varieties for autumn sowing in Ahvaz. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
CAPTCHA Image