ارزیابی خدمات و بیلان کربن خاک در اکوسیستم‌های مختلف کشاورزی در استان خراسان

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

2 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور ارزیابی خدمات و کارکردهای خاک­ تحت تأثیر مدیریت­های مختلف پرنهاده و کم­نهاده در استان خراسان، نمونه­برداری از 10 مکان تحت مدیریت­های مختلف زراعی و باغی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار نمونه به‌عنوان تکرار از هر نوع مدیریت در بهار سال 1393 انجام شد. نمونه­برداری از عمق 30-0 سانتی­متر خاک در مزارع کم­نهاده شامل مزارع چندساله زعفران و باغات میوه و مزارع پرنهاده یک‌ساله کشاورزان شامل گندم و ذرت و مزارع ‌ساله آزمایشی (مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد) برداشت و خصوصیات مختلف فیزیکی (شامل وزن مخصوص ظاهری)، شیمیایی (شامل محتوی کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، فسفر قابل دسترس، پتاسیم قابل دسترس، شاخص واکنش و هدایت الکتریکی) و بیولوژیکی (میزان کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی، فعالیت آنزیم­های فسفاتاز و دهیدروژناز) اندازه­گیری شد. سطح زیر کشت و میزان مصرف نهاده­های شیمیایی شامل نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم، علف­کش، حشره­کش و قارچ­کش محصولات زراعی شامل گندم، گوجه­فرنگی، یونجه، ذرت، سیب­زمینی، چغندرقند و کلزا طی سال 1393 تعیین شد. میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه‏ای شامل دی­اکسید کربن (2CO)، اکسید نیتروژن (O2N) و متان (4CH) با استفاده از ضرایب انتشار و سپس پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی تعیین گردید. نتایج نشان داد که اثر نوع مدیریت اکوسیستم بر کلیه خصوصیات مورد مطالعه خاک به‌جز شاخص واکنش معنی­دار (01/0≥p) بود. به‌کارگیری مدیریت پرنهاده و رایج در مزارع آزمایشی و یک‌ساله کشاورزان باعث کاهش محتوی کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، فسفر قابل دسترس، پتاسیم قابل دسترس، هدایت الکتریکی، کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی، فعالیت آنزیم­های فسفاتاز و دهیدروژناز و ترسیب کربن خاک در مقایسه با مزارع چندساله زعفران شد، در حالی­که وزن مخصوص ظاهری افزایش یافت. بیشترین و کمترین کربن آلی خاک به‌ترتیب برای باغ­های چندساله و مزارع رایج یک‌ساله آزمایشی با 104/0 و 036/0 درصد حاصل شد. بیشترین و کمترین کربن ترسیب شده خاک به‌ترتیب برای باغ­های چندساله و مزارع رایج یک‌ساله آزمایشی با 31/355 و 48/182 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار مشاهده شد. اجرای عملیات مدیریتی در مزارع چندساله، مزارع یک‌ساله ذرت و مزارع یک‌ساله گندم به‌ترتیب موجب کاهش 12، 35 و 41 درصدی کربن ترسیب شده خاک در مقایسه با باغ­های چندساله شد. بیشترین پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی برای سیب­زمینی با 69/3 تن معادل 2CO به‌ازای هر هکتار محاسبه شد که نسبت به گندم، چغندرقند، گوجه­فرنگی و ذرت به‌ترتیب 53، 37، 16 و 12 درصد بالاتر بود. کمترین پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی برای کلزا با 35/1 تن معادل 2CO به‌ازای هر هکتار به‌دست آمد. بدین­ترتیب، کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و افزایش مصرف انواع نهاده­های آلی را می­توان به‌عنوان راهکاری اکولوژیک در مدیریت پایدار اکوسیستم­های زراعی مدنظر قرار داد که از طریق کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ای و به تبع آن تخفیف تغییر اقلیم را به دنبال دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Soil Ecosystem Services and Carbon Balance for Different Agroecosystems in Khorasan

نویسندگان [English]

  • Alireza Koocheki 1
  • Surur Khorramdel 2
1 Department of Agrotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Department of Agrotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Soil is the basic element for all ecosystem services which enhances different functions of ecosystems. It  provides  and  regulates  a  large  number  of  ecosystem  services and functions, and  plays  an  important  role  in  human health. Results of some experiments indicate a positive correlation between ecologically-based soil management with qualitative soil indices. Increase in soil organic matter enhances 10 different functions in agricultural ecosystems including biogeochemical cycle, nutrient returns, formation, and stability of soil aggregate, water purification and holding capacity, pH regulation, decreasing of erosion and finally crop growth improvement. In agricultural ecosystems, crop yield is notably dependent on soil properties. It has been stated that maintaining function and services of ecosystems could only be achieved by proper soil management. As a  consequence  of  land use, global warming, climate  change  and  conventional management,  soil  ecosystem services  are  being  drastically  degraded,  endangering food safety for coming generations. This  decreases  soil  ecosystem  services  and functions regulation  capacity  and  affects  the  sustainability  of  the  communities. It has been observed that no-tillage system which results in less soil disturbance and more accumulated crop residue has physical, chemical, and biological properties.
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate soil ecosystem services based on different low and high input management in Khorasan province, the samples were taken from 10 sites by completely randomized design with four replications in 2014. The soil samples were collected from the depth of 0-30 cm in low input fields of saffron and orchards, high input wheat and corn fields, and annual research field (Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad). Physical and chemical soil properties such as bulk density, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available P and K, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and also biological criteria including microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, and phosphatase enzyme activity were measured. Inputs used including chemical fertilizer, herbicide, insecticide, fungicide and also the acreage for wheat, tomato, alfalfa, corn, potato, sugar beet and canola were determined during the growing season of 2013-2014. After calculating greenhouse gases emission including CO2, N2O and CH4 based on emission indices, global warming potential was computed.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that type of ecosystem management affected all soil properties except the acidity (p ≤ 0.01). Management of high input and annual field crops (experimental) and also farmers’ fields caused reduction of organic carbon content, total nitrogen, available P, available K, EC, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activity and carbon sequestration in comparison with perennial field of saffron. However, bulk density was reduced. The highest and the lowest carbon contents were observed for orchard and annual experimental fields with 0.104 and 0.036 percent, respectively. The highest and the lowest sequestered carbon were observed for orchard and annual field crops (experimental) with 335.31 and 182.48 kg carbon per ha, respectively. Management of perennial fields (saffron), annual corn field and annual wheat field caused reduction of 12, 35 and 41 percent, respectively, in sequestered carbon compared with that for orchard fields. The highest global warming potential (GWP) was recorded for corn and potato with 3.69 ton CO2 equivalent per ha which was 53, 37, 16 and 12 percent higher than those for wheat, sugar beet, tomato and corn, respectively. The lowest GWP was recorded for canola with 1.35 ton CO2 equivalent per ha.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that reduction of chemical fertilizer and applying more organic inputs seem to be rational ecological approaches for sustainable management of the cropping ecosystem with a consequence of reduction in greenhouse gases and climate change mitigation. These sustainable practices are crucial to improve soil biodiversity. Using pesticides and herbicides has, however, a negative impact on biodiversity.
Acknowledgement
This research (29347.2) was funded by the vice chancellor for research of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is hereby acknowledged.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Emission of greenhouse gases
  • Chemical fertilizer
  • Intensive management
  • Perennial field
  • Organic input
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