اثر نسبت‌ها و روش‌های کاشت بر عملکرد و برخی از ویژگی‌های سیر (Allium sativum L.) در کشت مخلوط با سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

چکیده

سیر (Allium sativum L.) و سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.) گیاهانی دارویی با کاربردهای متعدد هستند. هدف از این پژوهش آن بود که با ایجاد ریزاقلیم از طریق روش‌های کاشت و کشت مخلوط، تغییرات عملکرد و برخی از خصوصیات سیر بررسی شود. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل ترکیبی از روش‌های کاشت (کاشت در جوی، پشته، جوی-پشته و مسطح) و نسبت‌های اختلاط (100 درصد سیاهدانه، درصد 75 سیاهدانه-25 درصد سیر، 50 درصد سیاهدانه-50 درصد سیر، 25 درصد سیاهدانه-75 درصد سیر و 100 درصد سیر) بود که در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و با سه تکرار در منطقه دزفول انجام شد. صفات مورد ارزیابی شامل شاخص سطح برگ، شاخص کلروفیل، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ در بوته، طول برگ، عرض برگ، قطر ساقه، حجم سیرچه، تعداد سیرچه در پیاز، وزن پیاز، طول سیرچه، قطر سیرچه و عملکرد در گیاه سیر بود. نتایج نشان داد که ترکیب تیماری کشت خالص سیر توأم با روش کاشت در جوی-پشته با عملکرد 15003 کیلوگرم در هکتار دارای بالاترین عملکرد بود. همچنین تیمارهای کشت مسطح خالص سیر و کشت خالص سیر در جوی به‌ترتیب در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار گرفتند. کشت‌های مخلوط با نسبت‌های بالای سیاهدانه (75 درصد) کاهش معنی‌داری در عملکرد سیر نشان داد. کم‌ترین شاخص رقابت و بالاترین نسبت برابری زمین در ترکیب تیماری کاشت سیاهدانه بر روی پشته و سیر درون جوی و نسبت مساوی دو گیاه (50 درصد - 50 درصد) مشاهده شد. به‌طور کلی، کشت خالص سیر در جوی و پشته برای دستیابی به حداکثر عملکرد توصیه می‌شود، امّا نسبت 50 درصد - 50 درصد و کاشت سیاهدانه روی پشته و سیر در جوی می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک روش پایدار و اقتصادی مورد توجه قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Impact of Intercropping Ratios and Sowing Methods on Yield and Characteristics of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Intercropping with Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Firouz Darooforoush
  • Alireza Abdali Mashhadi
  • Abdolmehdi Bakhshandeh
  • Amin Lotfi Jalal Abadi
  • Ali Ghatei
Department of Production and Plant Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction[1]
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and black seed (Nigella sativa L.) are medicinal plants with diverse applications. Intercropping, a sustainable agricultural practice, can enhance land productivity, reduce pests and diseases, and improve soil fertility. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different intercropping ratios and sowing methods on garlic yield and physiological traits by creating a favourable microclimate. The experiment was conducted in Dezful, Iran, a region with a semi-arid climate, to evaluate how these factors influence garlic growth and productivity. The study focused on optimizing resource use efficiency and understanding the competitive dynamics between garlic and black seed in mixed cropping systems.
 
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted during the 2021-2022 growing season in Dezful, Iran, at 32°16' N latitude and 48°25' E longitude, with an elevation of 82.9 meters above sea level. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included combinations of four sowing methods (ridge, furrow, ridge-furrow, and flat planting) and five intercropping ratios (100% black seed, 75% black seed + 25% garlic, 50% black seed + 50% garlic, 25% black seed + 75% garlic, and 100% garlic). The volume of the garlic bulb was measured using a graduated cylinder containing a specific amount of water. By submerging the garlic bulb into the graduated cylinder and recording the increase in the water volume, the volume of the garlic bulb was calculated. Garlic cloves were pre-chilled at 4°C for five days before planting. Black seed was sown at a depth of 1 cm, and garlic at 3.5 cm, with row and plant spacings of 50 cm and 12 cm, respectively. Fertilization included 125 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen (applied in three stages) and 100 kg.ha-1 of phosphorus. Irrigation, weeding, and thinning were performed as needed. Measured traits included leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll index (SPAD), plant height, leaf dimensions, stem diameter, bulb volume, clove number, bulb weight, and yield. Data were analyzed using SAS software, and means were compared using the LSD test at a 5% significance level.
 
Results and Discussion
The results revealed significant effects of intercropping ratios and sowing methods on garlic traits. The highest garlic yield (15,003 kg.ha-1) was achieved in sole garlic cultivation with the ridge-furrow method (GRF100), followed by flat planting (GP100) and furrow planting (GF100). Mixed cropping with higher black seed ratios (75%) significantly reduced garlic yield, indicating intense interspecies competition.

Leaf Area Index (LAI): The highest LAI (0.200) was observed in the treatment with 75% black seed in furrows and 25% garlic on ridges (BF75+GR25), while the lowest LAI (0.023) occurred in the 25% black seed + 75% garlic ratio on ridges (BR25+GR75). • Chlorophyll Index (SPAD): The highest SPAD value (61.4) was recorded for black seed on ridges and garlic in furrows (BR75+GF25), suggesting better light and nutrient conditions in this arrangement.
Bulb Traits: The highest bulb weight (66.7 g) and volume (101 cm³) were observed in sole garlic under flat planting (GP100). Intercropping, especially with high black seed ratios, negatively affected bulb traits.
The highest stem diameter of garlic was observed in flat planting of garlic (GP100), while most of the ridge planting treatments showed smaller stem diameters.
Yield: The ridge-furrow method (GRF100) outperformed other treatments, likely due to improved soil aeration and reduced competition. Mixed cropping at a 50:50 ratio with black seed on ridges and garlic in furrows (BR50+GF50) showed the lowest competition index (0.50) and the highest land equivalent ratio (1.20), indicating efficient resource use.
The lowest competition index and the highest land equivalent ratio (LER) were observed when black seed was planted on ridges and garlic in furrows, with an equal plant ratio (50%-50%).

 
Conclusions
The study demonstrated that sole garlic cultivation, particularly in ridge-furrow or flat planting systems, maximizes yield and bulb quality. However, intercropping garlic with black seed at a 50:50 ratio, with black seed on ridges and garlic in furrows (BR50+GF50), offers a sustainable alternative by balancing yield and resource efficiency. This arrangement minimized competition and optimized land use, making it suitable for farmers seeking diversified and economically viable cropping systems. Future research should explore nutrient management and irrigation strategies to further enhance the productivity of intercropping systems.






 



 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Clove
  • competition index
  • leaf area index
  • land equivalent ratio

Authors retain the copyright.This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

مراجع

  1. Abbasian, A., Nakhzari Moghadam, A., Pirdashti, H., & Gholamaliopur Alamdari, E. (2019). Estimation the yield and intercropping indices of garlic (Allium sativum) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) in two regions of Sari and Gonbad Kavoos. Journal of Agroecology, 11(3), 1049-1067. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v11i3.71547
  2. Akbarpour, A., Kavoosi, B., Hosseinifarahi, M., Tahmasebi, S., & Gholipour, S. (2021). Evaluation of yield and phytochemical content of different Iranian garlic (Allium sativum) ecotypes. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 8(4), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2020.303657.373
  3. Ahmadian, A., Salari, A., Mousavi, Z., & Kaveh, H. (2018). Effect of different levels of stress and vermicompost fertilizer on yield, yield component and active compound of allicin in garlic medicinal herbs. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 25(1), 215-227. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22069/JWSC.2018.14167.2889
  4. Alemkhoumaram, M.H., Keshtkar, A.H., & Mirzaie Asl, A. (2019). Study of agromorphological diversity, and path analysis of bulb yield and allicin content of Iranian garlic landraces under Hamedan region. Journal of Horticultural Science, 33(3), 481-497. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v33i3.77676
  5. Chatterjee, G., Kumar Saha, A., Khurshid, S., & Saha, A., (2025). A comprehensive review of the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and therapeutic efficacies of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed oil and its thymoquinone. Journal of Medicinal Food, 28(4), 325-339. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2024.k.0149
  6. Elshamy, M.A., & Abd El-Aty, H.S. (2021). Effect of intercropping between garlic and faba bean on yield and infestation by some piercing-sucking insect pests. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 12(9), 663-670. https://doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2021.203163
  7. Fakhar, F., Biabani, A., Zarei, M., & Nakhzari Moghadam, A. (2019). Effects of cultivar and planting spacing on yield and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum), Italian Journal of Agronomy, 14(2),108-113. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2019.1303
  8. Fufa, N., Tsagaye, D., Ali, A., Wegayehu, G., & Fikre, D. (2025). Assessing genetic variability and heritability in genotypes of garlic (Allium sativum) for bulb yield and related traits. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 8(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.56557/ajaas/2025/v8i147
  9. Goyal, H., Bafna, A., Vyas, N., & Gupta, R. (2025). Effect of soluble silica on the plant growth, leaves chlorophyll content and bulb quality of the garlic (Allium sativum) against drought stress. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 59(1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.18805/IJARe.A-5889
  10. Han, M., Zhang, Z., Yang, H., Du, J., Wu, X., & Fu, Y. (2025). The effect of intercropping with Eucommia ulmoides on the growth and quality of Abelmoschus manihot and its rhizosphere microbial community. Agronomy, 15(4), 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040863
  11. Hata, F.T., Ventura, M.U., Paula, M.T., Shimizu, G.D., Paula, J.C.B., Kussaba, D.A.O., & Souza, N.V. (2019). Intercropping garlic in strawberry fields improves land equivalent ratio and gross income. Crop Production, Ciencia Rural, 49(12), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190338
  12. Hlasna Cepkova, P., Hoang, T.N., Konvalina, P., Muhlbachova, G., Capouchova, I., Svoboda, P., Cermak, T., & Janovska, D. (2025). Impact of spring wheat varieties and legume species intercropping on organic wheat production. Agronomy, 15(5), 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051096
  13. Immatong, P.S. & Elias, K.E. (2025). Performance of garlic (Allium sativum) varieties as affected by different shading materials. International Journal of Research and Review, 12(4), 400-412. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20250447
  14. Kakaei, M. (2023). Morphological evaluation of different local ecotypes of Iranian garlic (Allium sativum) under non-irrigated conditions in Asadabad region (Hamadan province). Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 15(56), 95-112. (In Persian with English abstract). http://dx.doi.org/10.22108/TBJ.2024.141167.1255
  15. Kaur, S., Singh, L., & Kaur, J. (2025). Assessment of garlic cultivars on the basis of genetic variability and heritability. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research, 25(7), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaar/2025/v25i7642
  16. Khademi Astaneh, R., Bolandnazar, S., Zaare Nahandi, F., & Oustan, S. (2018). The effects of selenium on some physiological traits and K, Na concentration of garlic (Allium sativum) under NaCl stress. Information Processing in Agriculture, 5(1), 156-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2017.09.003
  17. Khatun, M.F., Islam, M.S., Ali, M.A., Ali, M.O., & Ahmed, Q.M. (2020). Intercropping garlic (Allium sativum) with chilli (Capsicum annuum) in the Haor area of Kishoreganj. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal, 23(1), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.3329/baj.v23i1.50122
  18. Kovacevic, T.K., Isic, N., Major, N., Krpan, M., Ban, D., Franic, M., & Goreta Ban, S. (2023). The interplay of physiological and biochemical response to short-term drought exposure in garlic (Allium sativum). Plants, 12(18), 3215. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183215
  19. Kumar, R., Shree, S., Kumar Singh, V., D., kumar, Sweta Rani, K., & Kumar Singh, A. (2025). Response of biofertilizers and micronutrients on growth and yield of garlic. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 37(3), 134-40. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i35354
  20. Liu, H., Gao, X., Li, C., Cai, Y., Song, X., & Zhao, X. (2025). Intercropping increases plant water availability and water use efficiency. A synthesis, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 379, 109360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109360
  21. Oliveira, J.T., Oliveira, R.A. & Junior, M.R.F. (2021). Contribution of soil attributes and morphological variables to yield of irrigated garlic. Engenharia Agricola, 41(2), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v41n2p215-222/2021
  22. Raiszadeh, M., Abdali Mashhadi, A., Gharineh, M.H., Goodarzi, G.R., & Lotfi Jalalabadi, A. (2025). Investigating the effect of mulch on weed control and product quality in intercropping of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) and Iranian borage (Echium amoenum). Journal of Agroecology, 17(2), 341-359. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/agry.2025.91101.1224
  23. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Amiri, M.B., Norooziyan, A., & Ehyaee, H.R. (2015). Evaluation of two mycorrhiza species and nitroxin on yield and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum) in an ecological agroecosystem. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 13(3), 435-447. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v13i3.51149
  24. Samimi, F., Sharifi-Rigi, A., Dastghaib, S., Hazar, N., Zal, F., Siri, M., Namiranian, N., & Afkhami-Ardekani, M. (2025). The ameliorating effects of garlic (Allium Sativum) on blood glucose levels and lipid-related indices. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 17(2), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijdo.v17i2.18852
  25. Seilsepour, M. (2021). Nitrogen and sulfur with Thiobacillus bacteria effects on garlic yield and garlic nitrate content and some nutrients availability in soil. Journal of Horticultural Science, 34(4), 563-576. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v34i4.80398
  26. Seyedi, S.M., & Hamzei, J. (2020). Evaluation of advantageous of sunflower-grain legume intercropping. Journal of Crop Production, 13(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2020.17447.2289
  27. Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, N., Xia, G., & Feng, L. (2025) Effect of strip width in maize/peanut intercropping on water use efficiency. Frontiers Sustainable Food Systems, 9, 1502362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1502362
  28. Torkaman, M., Mirshekari, B., Farahvash, F., Yarnia, M., & Jafari, A.A. (2019). Effect of planting dates and patterns on some quantity and quality properties and advantageous indices of canola (Brassica napus) - chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) intercropping. Plant Production Technology, 11(2), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.22084/ppt.2018.14405.1759
  29. Wang, X., Li, L., Wang, C., Wanga, Z., Li, M., Tan, X., Zhang, L., Wang, T., Zhou, Y., Xie, X., Qiu, S., Liao, Y., Kuai, J., Wang, B., Wang, J., Xu, Z. Zhao, J., & Zhou, G. (2025). Micro-ridge-furrow planting increases rapeseed yield and resource utilization efficiency through optimizing field microenvironment and light-nitrogen matching. The Crop Journal, 13(2), 587-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2024.12.021
  30. Xing, J., Liu, G., Zhai, W., Gou, T., Zhou, Z., Hu, A., Zhang, K., Bai, D., Ren, A., Gao, Z., & Sun, M. (2025). Optimized fertilizer management strategy based on ridge–furrow planting pattern enhances dryland wheat yield and water utilization on the Loess Plateau. Agricultural Water Management, 311, 109391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109391
  31. Zahedipour, R., Khodaei Joghan, A., & Zare, A. (2023). Evaluation of periods of interference and weeds control in chemical and organic nutrition management on yield and yield components of garlic. Plant Productions, 46(1), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40244.2017

 

ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 11 شهریور 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 05 مهر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 08 مهر 1404
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 08 مهر 1404

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار