تأثیر آفت‌کش‌‌های شیمیایی بر پویایی جمعیت، غنای گونه ای و تنوع زیستی علف‌های هرز و عملکرد گندم زمستانه

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 گروه بیوتکنولوژی و به‌نژادی گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

رقابت بین گندم (Triticum aestivum) و علف­هرز از مهم‌ترین محدودیت‌های تولید جهانی این گیاه محسوب می­شود و راهکارهای مدیریتی بشر برای مدیریت آفات و علف‌های­هرز سبب نابودی تنوع زیستی بوم­نظام­های کشاورزی شده است. به‌منظور مطالعه تأثیر مدیریت شیمیایی بر جمعیت علف‌های هرز و عملکرد گندم زمستانه، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال‌‌های زراعی92- 1391 و 93- 1392 اجرا شد. عوامل آزمایش شامل آفت‌کش در سه سطح (شاهد محلول‌پاشی با آب، حشره­کش عمومی دلتامترین و حشره­کش اختصاصی سن گندم فینیتریتیون) و علف‌کش در چهار سطح (شاهد محلول‌پاشی با آب، علف‌کش پهن­برگ‌کش توفوردی، علف‌کش باریک‌برگ‌کش تاپیک و تلفیق دو علف‌کش توفوردی + تاپیک) بودند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها نشان داد که در هر دو سال آزمایش تأثیر علف‌کش بر تراکم و وزن خشک علف‌های­هرز پهن­برگ و کل علف‌های­هرز معنی­دار بود، امّا تیمارهای آفت‌کش بر تراکم و وزن خشک علف‌های­هرز تأثیر معنی­داری نداشتند. همچنین در هر دو سال زراعی، کاربرد مخلوط علف‌کش کلودینافوپ پروپارژیل + توفوردی، بیشترین تأثیر را در کاهش تراکم و وزن ­خشک علف‌های­هرز پهن­برگ و کل علف‌های­هرز نشان داد. بالاترین شاخص تنوع شانون در سال زراعی 92- 1391 در تیمارهای بدون علف‌کش دیده شد که تفاوت معنی­داری با سایر تیمارها داشت. در سال زراعی 93- 1392 نیز بیشترین شاخص تنوع شانون در شاهد و کمترین شاخص تنوع زیستی در تیمارهای استفاده تلفیقی از هر دو علف‌کش مشاهده شد. به نظر می­رسد که تلفیق دو نوع علف‌کش علاوه‌بر وزن خشک و تراکم، بیشترین تأثیر را بر تنوع گونه­ای علف‌های هرز نیز داشته است. اثر علف‌کش در هر دو سال و همچنین اثر آفت‌کش فقط در سال زراعی 93- 1392 بر عملکرد گندم معنی­دار بود. کاربرد آفت‌کش‌ها باعث افزایش معنی‌دار عملکرد دانه شد، امّا با افزایش تراکم و وزن خشک علف‌های هرز، عملکرد دانه گندم کاهش یافت. علف‌کش‌ها موجب تغییر در ساختار جمعیتی علف‌های‌هرز شده و کاهش شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی آن‌ها را به دنبال داشتند. در هر دو سال آزمایش، بین عملکرد گندم و غنای گونه‌ای علف‌های‌هرز و همچنین شاخص تنوع شانون، همبستگی منفی و معنی‌داری مشاهده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Chemical Pesticides on Weeds Population Dynamics, Species Richness and Biodiversity and Yield of Winter Wheat

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Karimpour 1
  • Ahmad Nezami 1
  • Mahdi NassiriMahallati 1
  • Amir Lakzian 2
  • Mohammad Farsi 3
1 Department of Agrotechnology Faculty of Agriculture, Ferodwsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferodwsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferodwsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Competition between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and weeds is one of the most important restrictions of global production of this plant, and Human solutions for management of pests and weeds have destroyed the biodiversity in agroecosystems (Bushong et al., 2011; Lemerle et al., 2001). The function of natural and agricultural ecosystems is based on biodiversity. Destruction of biodiversity is a serious threat to the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems and, ultimately, food security in the world. Use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers is one of the most important methods of intensive management in agriculture that damages biodiversity (Marshal et al., 2003).
 
Materials and Methods
A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years of 2012-13 and 2013-14. The test factors included pesticides at three levels (Non insecticide, Deltamethrin as a general insecticide and Phyenrythion as a specific insecticide) and Herbicide on four levels (Non herbicide, two herbicides 2,4.D , Topic and the combination of them) was carried out. Weeds were sampled 5 times during the growing season, and Weed species were identified and counted. Sampling was performed before and after the treatment. Relative density and relative frequency of weeds, weed Species, Shannone diversity index, Species reachness and wheat yield were studied.
 
Results and Discussion
 Data analysis showed that in both years, the effect of herbicides on the weed density and dry weight of broad-leaf weeds and total weed dry weight were significant. However, the effects of pesticide treatments on the density and dry weight of weeds were not significant. In both crop years, the use of two herbicide mixtures had the greatest effect on reducing the density and dry weight of broadleaved weeds and total weed dry weight. The highest Shanone diversity index was observed in non-herbicide treatments in 2012-13, which had a significant difference with other treatments. The highest Shannon diversity index was observed in the control plots, and the lowest Shannon diversity index were observed in the combined treatments of both herbicides in the 2013-14 crop year. It seems that the combination of both herbicides, in addition to dry weight and density, has the greatest impact on weed species diversity. The species observed in both years were similar to each other. The main weed species of the field included Convolvulus arvensis L.، Descurainia sophia Webb ex Prantl ، Avena ludoviciana Durieu, and Secale cereale L. The contribution of grass species to the total density was 30% and the share of broad-leaf weed was measured at 70%. Therefore, the frequency of broadleaved species was higher than that of grass weeds in the field. Herbicides changed the demographic structure of weed societies and reduced the weed biodiversity index. In both years, different treatments of pesticides did not have a significant effect on the changes in weed density. The effect of herbicides in both years and the effect of pesticides only in the 2013-2014 on the yield of wheat were significant. The application of pesticides significantly increased the economic yield of wheat. However, increasing the density and dry weight of the weed decreased wheat economic yield. Wheat economic yield decreased with increase in weed density and weed dry weight.
 
Conclusion
Herbicides have changed the population structure of weeds and reduced the biodiversity index of weeds. Negative and significant correlations were observed between wheat yield and species richness and shannon diversity index in both years. In general, Intensive management, specially herbicide usage in wheat agroecosystem, changed the composition of the plant communities and reduced the biodiversity and weed species richness. The result of the reduction in diversity in this ecosystem is a greater dependence on chemical inputs, which causes environmental pollution and a threat to agricultural sustainability.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conventional Agriculture
  • Herbicide
  • Insecticide

Authors retain the copyright.This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 12 بهمن 1397
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 15 اسفند 1397
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 01 مهر 1404

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