ارزیابی اثرات ‌زیست‌محیطی آفت‌کش‌های مورد استفاده در مزارع گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) و جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) بخش فاضل‌آباد شهرستان علی آباد کتول

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

شاخص تأثیر محیطی (EIQ) برای تعیین کمیت خطرات آفت‌کش‌ها برای انسان و محیط زیست توسعه داده شده است. با اندازه‌گیری این شاخص می‌توان پرخطرترین آفت‌کش‌ها را از لحاظ زیست­محیطی شناسایی و با جایگزینی آن­ها با آفت‌کش‌های دیگر، سلامت زیستی جامعه را تأمین نمود. در این مطالعه، اثرات زیست­محیطی مصرف آفت‌کش‌ها در مزارع گندم و جو در بخش فاضل­آباد شهرستان علی­آبادکتول در سال زراعی 1400-1401 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور، 22 مزرعه گندم و 12 مزرعه جو به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند و اطلاعات مربوط به کاربرد آفت‌کش‌ها، مساحت مزارع، تناوب­ زراعی و عملکرد محصول در قالب پرسش‌نامه از کشاورزان جمع­آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیش­ترین میزان آسیب به کارگر مزرعه در گروه علف­کش­ها متعلق به برومایسید، در گروه حشره­کش­ها مربوط به دورسبان و در گروه قارچ­کش­ها به آلتوکمبی تعلق گرفت و به‌طور کلی، در مصرف دو علف­کش برومایسید، فولیکور و راکسیل بیش­ترین آسیب متوجه کارگران مزرعه خواهد بود. همچنین در میان آفت‌کش‌های مصرفی در مزارع مورد بررسی، قارچ­کش­های راکسیل، فولیکور و آلتوکمبی در مقایسه با گروه آفت‌کشی علف­کش و حشره­کش، آسیب بیش­تری بر جزء مصرف­کنندگان و خطر آب‌شویی در محیط زیست نشان دادند. بررسی آفت‌کش‌های مصرفی و آسیب بر اجزای بوم­شناختی، دو حشره­کش دیازینون و دورسبان را به­عنوان خطرناک­ترین آفت‌کش‌ها بر موجودات محیط زیست معرفی کرد. براساس شاخص EIQ برای هر آفت‌کش، سموم آلتوکمبی، پوماسوپر،­ دورسبان و فولیکور خطرناک­ترین آفت‌کش‌ها در مزارع مورد بررسی معرفی شدند. همچنین سموم اینوور (48/18)، دورسبان (83/17)، برومایسید (01/17)، دیازینون (66/16)، مالاتیون (68/13)، توفوردی (44/13)، بازاگران (44/13) و آرتیا (25/13) به‌عنوان سموم پرخطر در منطقه در نظر گرفته شدند و لازم است که در استفاده از آن­ها تجدید نظر صورت پذیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Environmental Effects of Applied Pesticides on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Fields in Fazel Abad Region, Ali Abad Katool County

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Deilam 1
  • Hossein Kazemi 2
  • Maral Niazmoradi 1
  • Javid Gherekhloo 1
1 Department of Agronomy , Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Excessive use of pesticides in agriculture creates many consequences for public health and environmental pollution. Numerous measures have been implemented in pest management and pesticide use to minimize the harmful effects of pesticide products. The Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) has been developed to quantify the risks of pesticides to humans and the environment. We can identify the most detrimental pesticides by measuring such a quotient and then enhancing society's biological health through replacing them with safer alternatives. The environmental effects of pesticide application by using that the environmental impact quotient were considered in this study. This study investigated the environmental effects of pesticides used in wheat and barley fields in Aliabad Katool county, Golestan province.
 
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in wheat and barley fields in Fazel Abad of Ali Abad Katool County during 2021-2022. For this purpose, 22 wheat fields and 12 barley fields were randomly selected. The information related to pesticide spraying, field area, crop rotation and crop yields was collected from farmers as questionnaires. Then the amount of environmental effect of pesticides per hectare (EIQ-FUR) was obtained from the product of their EIQ value in the amount of effective substance and the consumption amount per hectare.
 
Results and Discussion
According to the results of this study, the highest amount of damage to farm workers is in the group of herbicides related to Bromicide, in the group of insecticides related to Dursban, and in the group of fungicides to Altocombi, Raxil and Folicur determined. Also, Raxil, Folicur and Altocombi fungicides showed more damage to consumers and leaching risk. In addition, two insecticides, Diazinon and Dursban, were introduced as the most dangerous pesticides to environmental organisms. Also, Pumasuper, Altocombi, Folicur, and Raxil were known to be harmful pesticides on ecological components. In general, based on the EIQ index for each pesticide, Altocombi, Pumasuper, Dursban, Diazinon and Folicur were introduced as the most dangerous pesticides. Based on the EIQ index for each pesticide, Altokambi, Pumasuper, Dursaban and Folicor were introduced as the most dangerous pesticides in the fields. Considering the average consumption of pesticides per hectare and the amount of their effective substance in addition to the EIQ index, Inovor (18.48), Dursban (17.83), Bromicide (17.01), Diazinon (16.66), Malathion (13.68), 2,4-D (13.44), Bazagran (13.44) and Artea (13.25) were considered as dangerous pesticides in the region and therefore more planning should be done in using or replacing them.
 
Conclusion
The classification of the environmental impact of pesticides used in the study area indicated that environmental damage was greater in wheat fields than in barley fields. Barley fields fell into the very low to low damage categories, while wheat fields were classified as having moderate damage. This suggests that wheat farmers relied more heavily on chemical pesticides. Considering the necessity of planning for the use of pesticides and informing farmers about the risks of consumption and paying attention to the use of low-damage pesticides, it is suggested that this index be calculated for all pesticides used in the region and the selection of pesticides in integrated pest management programs should be done according to this index.
 
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, wheat and barley farmers, and the Agricultural Jihad Management of Fazel Abad region, Ali Abad Katool county for their cooperation in conducting this research.






 



 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Consumers
  • EIQ
  • Environment
  • Fungicide
  • Herbicide
  • Insecticide
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