اثر مدیریت خاکورزی و مصرف کود بر عملکرد ماده خشک و دانه،کارایی مصرف نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم در ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فاطمه شیرزادی ¹
• علیرضا کوچکی ²
• مهدی نصیری محلاتی ³
• سرور خرم دل ²

¹ دانشکده کشاورزی- دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج

² دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

³ فردوسی مشهد

10.22067/agry.2021.20320.0

چکیده

این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر  مدیریت خاکورزی و مصرف کود بر عملکرد و جذب عناصر غذایی نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم در ذرت انجام شد. به این منظور آزمایشی در دوسال زراعی 1394-1395 و 1396-1395 در مشهد در قالب اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی سه سطح خاکورزی شامل خاکورزی حداقل (یک نوبت دیسک و فاروئر) و خاکورزی متداول (گاو آهن برگردان دار + یک نوبت دیسک و فاروئر) و خاکورزی فشرده (دو نوبت شخم عمود برهم و دو نوبت دیسک و فاروئر) و فاکتور فرعی سه توصیه کودی شامل شاهد، مصرف 200 و 400 کیلوگرم کود اوره در هکتار بود. در سال اول و در سیستم خاک‌ورزی حداقل، بیشترین عملکرد دانه به مقدار 2/8009 کیلوگرم در هکتار حاصل شد .در سال اول و در سیستم خاک‌ورزی حداقل، بیشترین بهره وری نیتروژن به مقدار 4/29 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم حاصل شد . در سال دوم و در تیمارهای خاکورزی فشرده و مرسوم بهره وری نیتروژن بیشتری نسبت به سال اول حاصل شد. اجرای خاک­ورزی حداقل نسبت به سیستم خاک­ورزی فشرده تاثیر بیشتری بر افزایش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد و بهره وری عناصر غذایی داشت که در بعضی موارد این افزایش حتی از خاک­ورزی متداول نیز بیشتر بود. بنابراین می‌توان اظهار کرد که اجرای خاک­ورزی حداقل به بهبود جذب عناصر پرمصرف منجر شده که این امر باعث افزایش بهره وری این عناصر می‌شود. کاربرد شخم حداقل موجب افزایش عملکرد از طریق بهبود بهره وری عناصر غذایی می‌شود.

کلمات کلیدی: خاکورزی، کود، نیتروژن، کارایی، فسفر.

 

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عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of tillage management and nitrogen application rate on grain and dry matter yield, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium efficiencies in maize ( Zea mays L.)

نویسنده [English]

• Fatemeh Shirzadi ¹

چکیده [English]

Abstract
Introduction: Corn is an important plant because of its high grain and dry matter yield and nutritional value. This performance is possible with high level of inputs, while evidences suggest that excessive use of fertilizers reduce soil fertility and increase environmental pollution.On the other hand conventional soil manipulation methods are frequently led to soil degradation and erosion as well as loss of organic matter compared to conservation practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage management and fertilizer application on the yield and nutrient uptake of N, P and K in maize.
Materials and Methods: Two-year field experiment was conducted in Mashhad (north-east of Iran) during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons. The main plot factors of three tillage systems including minimum tillage (disk and furrower) and conventional tillage (moldboard plow + disk and furrower) and intensive tillage (two perpendicular moldboard plows + two disks and furrower). The sub factor was three fertilizer application rates including unfertilized control, 200 and 400 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer. Dry matter and grain yields were measured at the full ripening. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, utilization and use efficiency was calculated based on standard methods.
Results & Discussion: The main effects of the year, and nitrogen and the interaction effects of tillage by nitrogen and year by nitrogen on grain yield were significant. In the first year and in the minimum tillage, the highest grain yield of 8009.2 kg ha-1 was obtained which was not significantly different with the yield of same tillage in the second year. The results of this study showed that the highest corn grain yield of 8910.1 kg ha-1 was achieved when 400 kg ha-1 N and minimum tillage was applied which was significantly different from grain yield in the intensive and conventional tillage at the same level of N. In the first year and with minimum tillage, the highest nitrogen yield of 29.4 kg kg-1 was obtained, which was not significantly different with that of the second year. Also in the second year and in intensive and conventional tillage methods lower nitrogen productivity was obtained compared to the first year. Overall the highest nitrogen productivity of 35.2 kg kg-1 was obtained in the unfertilized control with minimum tillage which was not significantly different from that of intensive tillage but from conventional tillage.
Conclusion: Minimum tillage had more beneficial effects on enhancement of grain and dry matter yield and nutrient productivity of maize, in some cases even higher than conventional tillage. Therefore, it can be concluded that minimum tillage was able to improve the uptake of essential nutrients (P and N) and to increase the use efficiency of these nutrients. It can be inferred that in arid and semi-arid regions the application of conservation tillage may improve maize yield by enhancing nutrient productivity.
Keywords: Tillage, Productivity, Nitrogen, Yield, Phosphorus.