بررسی عملکرد و شاخص های کارآیی مصرف عناصر غذایی در کشت مخلوط سه‌گانه خیار (Cucumis sativus)، لوبیا سبز (Phaseolus vulgaris) و گوجه‌فرنگی (Solanum lycopersicum)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه اگروتکنولوژی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

کشت خیار (Cucumis sativus) و گوجه‌فرنگی (Solanum lycopersicum) در سیستم‌های رایج کشاورزی با تأکید بر مصرف بیش از حد نهاده‌های شیمیایی انجام می‌گیرد که این امر علاوه‌بر مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی، سلامت انسان را نیز تهدید می‌نماید. این آزمایش، به‌منظور بررسی سودمندی عملکرد خیار و گوجه‌فرنگی در کشت مخلوط با لوبیا سبز (Phaseolus vulgaris) و مقایسه کارایی مصرف عناصر غذایی در کشت مخلوط با کشت خالص در دو سال 1394 و 1395 در مزرعه‌ای واقع در 10 کیلومتری شهرستان شیروان در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با شش تیمار و سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل کشت مخلوط تک ردیفی، دو ردیفی و سه ردیفی خیار، لوبیا سبز و گوجه‌فرنگی و کشت خالص هر یک از گیاهان بود. تغییرات ماده خشک در زمان، وزن میوه در بوته، عملکرد اقتصادی، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت، کارایی مصرف نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم هر یک از گیاهان و همچنین نسبت برابری زمین مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که تجمع ماده خشک خیار در کشت خالص بر نسبت‌های کشت مخلوط ارجحیت داشت و با افزایش سهم خیار در کشت مخلوط از تجمع ماده خشک آن در طول زمان کاسته شد. تجمع ماده خشک لوبیا سبز در کشت مخلوط تک ردیفی بیشتر از سایر تیمارهای آزمایش بود. تجمع ماده خشک گوجه‌فرنگی در نسبت‌های مختلف کشت مخلوط بیشتر از کشت خالص این گیاه بود. احتمالاً افزایش جذب منابع و بهبود فتوسنتز و همچنین کاهش رقابت درون گونه‌ای، دلیل برتری تجمع ماده خشک در کشت مخلوط در مقایسه با کشت خالص باشد. وزن میوه در بوته، عملکرد اقتصادی و عملکرد بیولوژیک خیار در کشت خالص بیشتر از کشت مخلوط بود، این در حالی بود که شاخص برداشت خیار در کشت مخلوط دو ردیفی بر سایر نسبت‌های کاشت ارجحیت داشت. عملکرد اقتصادی و عملکرد بیولوژیک لوبیا سبز و همچنین عملکرد اقتصادی و عملکرد بیولوژیک گوجه‌فرنگی نیز در کشت خالص بر تیمارهای کشت مخلوط برتری داشت. این درحالی بود که کشت مخلوط تک ردیفی باعث افزایش 42/18 درصد وزن میوه در بوته لوبیا سبز و 38/62 درصد وزن میوه در بوته گوجه‌فرنگی در مقایسه با کشت خالص این گیاهان گردید. به نظر می‌رسد که دلیل برتری عملکرد میوه در بوته لوبیا سبز و گوجه‌فرنگی در کشت مخلوط تک ردیفی، شرایط مناسب گونه‌ها در کنار هم و تشکیل کانوپی موجی شکل و نفوذ بیشتر نور و در نتیجه، استفاده کارآمدتر از منابع باشد. کارایی مصرف نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم خیار در کشت خالص این گیاه بیشتر از سایر تیمارهای آزمایش بود، در حالی که کارایی مصرف عناصر غذایی لوبیا سبز و گوجه‌فرنگی در کشت مخلوط تک ردیفی بر سایر تیمارهای آزمایش ارجحیت داشت. احتمالاً در کشت مخلوط تک ردیفی، قابلیت استفاده یا جذب عناصر در نتیجه رقابت بین گونه‌ای افزایش یافته است. نسبت برابری زمین بیانگر این بود که کشت مخلوط تک ردیفی حدود 27 درصد عملکرد کل را نسبت به تک‌کشتی افزایش داد. با توجه به نتایج، نسبت برابری زمین در کشت مخلوط تک ردیفی بالاتر از یک بود، از سوی دیگر، نتایج حاصل از بررسی کارایی مصرف عناصر غذایی مؤید این است که در کشت مخلوط تک ردیفی این گیاهان در مقایسه با کشت خالص، عناصر غذایی به‌صورت کارآمدتری را مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Yield and Resource Use Efficiency in Triple Intercropping of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

نویسندگان [English]

  • alireza Koocheki
  • Ghorbanali Asadi
  • Milad Bagheri shirvan
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Tomato and cucumber are now produced by using a high amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and a variety of biocides. These are hazardous to human health and the surrounding environment. Intercropping these plants with a legume such as green bean not only improves nitrogen use but also helps to enhance environmental conditions. Based on these assumptions, the present investigation was carried out to determine the effect of intercropping bean with tomato and cucumber on yield and yield components, land equivalent ratio, and nutrient use efficiency in a triple intercropping system.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted between 2015 and 2016 on a private farm adjacent to Shirvan in the Northern part of Khorasan Province. The experimental layout was based on a randomized complete block design with six treatments and three replications. Treatments were a different combination of single, double, and triple rows of cucumber, tomato, and green bean together with the pure culture of each one. Criteria measured were dry matter, yield accumulation, fruit weight, economical and biological yield, harvest index, land equivalent ratio, and also nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use efficiency.
Results and discussion
As expected, dry matter yield accumulation in sole cucumber was higher than in other combinations, and a decreasing trend was observed when the ratio of cucumber was increased in intercropped. However, this was the reverse for tomato. Dry matter yield accumulation for green bean was higher in a single row intercropping than in others. Higher dry matter accumulation in intercropped seems to be associated with better resource use and lower interspecific competition and hence photosynthesis improvement. For cucumber, economic and biological yield in the pure stand was higher than the intercropped, while the harvest index was the highest in double rows intercropped. The economic and biological yield of green bean and tomato in pure culture was higher than in other treatments. In contrast, 1-row intercropping increased the green bean fruit in a plant by 18.42% and the tomato fruit weight in a plant by 62.38% compared to pure stand. Better light interception and efficient resource use seem to be the reason for better performance of intercropped compared with monoculture. However, nutrients use efficiency did not show a similar trend when nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use efficiency in single row planting was higher for bean and tomato; this was not a common trend in general. Single row intercropped showed a 27% increase in yield on the base of land equivalent ratio.
 
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Land equivalent ration
  • Resource use efficiency
  • Intercropping
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