ارزیابی عملکرد و سنجه‌های انرژی و اقتصادی نظام‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی و کودی ذرت (Zea mays L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

2 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رامین، خوزستان، ایران

3 گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه صنعتی خاتم الانبیاء بهبهان، ایران

چکیده

به ­منظورطالعه عملکرد و سنجه­های ورودی- خروجی انرژی و اقتصادی نظام­های مختلف خاک­ورزی و کودی ذرت، تحقیقی به صورت کرت­های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در اراضی کشاورزی شهرستان بهبهان در طی سالهای 1394 و 1395 انجام شد. سه عامل خاک­ورزی حداقل، کاهش­یافته و متداول در کرت­های اصلی و نظام­های کودی مختلف شامل ­­­زیستی (نیتروکسین و بیوسوپرفسفات، هر کدام یک لیتر در هکتار)، کو­دامی (30 تن کود گاوی در هکتار)،  توصیه شده شیمیایی(250کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار فسفات)، نصف توصیه شده شیمیایی (50 درصد کودهای شیمیایی توصیه شده)، تلفیق کود­زیستی و نصف توصیه شده شیمیایی، تلفیق کود­دامی و نصف توصیه شده شیمیایی و تلفیق کودزیستی و دامی، در کرت­های فرعی قرار گرفتند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه ( 10005 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد ساقه و برگ (8409 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از تیمار کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی همراه با خاک­ورزی کاهش­یافته به دست آمد. تیمار کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی همراه با خاک­ورزی متداول، بالاترین انرژی ورودی (7/45886 مگاژول در هکتار) و کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی در خاک­ورزی کاهش­یافته، بیشترین انرژی خروجی (5/309459 مگاژول در هکتار) را داشته­اند.  به هر حال در میان تیمارهای آزمایشی، ترکیب کود­زیستی و خاک­ورزی حداقل، بالاترین کارایی استفاده از انرژی (59/8) و بهره­وری انرژی (28/0 کیلوگرم بر مگاژول) را موجب شد. تیمار کود تلفیقی زیستی و دامی در خاک­ورزی متداول، بیشترین انرژی ویژه (64/32 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) و کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی در نظام خاک­ورزی کاهش یافته، مقدار بیشینه انرژی خالص (266051 مگاژول در هکتار) را موجب شدند. کمترین میزان هزینه (32097340 ریال در هکتار) مربوط به کود­زیستی همراه با خاک­ورزی حداقل و بالاترین درآمد خالص (69810430 ریال در هکتار) از تیمار کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی با خاک­ورزی کاهش یافته محاسبه شد. همچنین بالاترین نسبت سود به هزینه (97/2) مربوط به تیمار تلفیق کود تلفیقی زیستی و شیمیایی همراه با خاک­ورزی حداقل و بیشترین بهره­وری اقتصادی (26/0گرم بر ریال) از کود تلفیقی زیستی و شیمیایی در خاک­ورزی حداقل حاصل شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که روش­های خاک­ورزی کمتر و استفاده از کودهای زیستی و دامی و تلفیقشان با نصف کود شیمیایی توصیه شده یک راهکار مؤثر برای بهبود کاربرد منابع در کشاورزی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of yield and input-output energy and economic indicators in different tillage and fertilizer systems of corn (Zea mays L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Mazarei 1
  • Ahmad Ghanbari 1
  • Mehdi Dahmardeh 1
  • Seyed Ataollah Siadat 2
  • Somayeh Dehdari 3
1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ramin University, Khoozestan, Iran
3 Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, University of Environment and Natural Resource, Behbahan, Iran,
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Although industrial agriculture achievements are undeniable, its negative consequences such as biodiversity loss, pollination and human health are remarkable. Currently, yields of the world’s four most important crops would need to increase by around 60-110% by 2050. Agro ecological practices contribute to agro ecosystem redesign, efficiency increase and substitution practices based on various processes such as bio fertilizer, reduced tillage, reducing the use of nonrenewable energy. Corn is an important crop in the world and Khuzestan with a huge amount of inputs and energy uses during its production. There for, the assessment of agro ecological practices is essential for sustainability in corn production.
Material and method
In order to study yield, energy input-output and economic indicators under different tillage and fertilizer cropping systems of corn, a split plot experiment in complete randomized design with three replications, was conducted at agricultural fields under Behbahan condition during 2015 and 2016. The experimental factors included different tillage systems (minimum (MT), reduced (RT) and conventional (CT)) as main plots and fertilizer patterns (bio fertilizer (B), manure (E), recommended chemical fertilizer rate (H) and half of recommended chemical fertilizer (L), integrated bio fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (BL), integrated manure and chemical (EL), and integrated bio fertilizer and manure as subplots. Assessment of energy indicators evaluated based on the energy output-input ratio. Human labor, machinery, diesel oil, fertilizer and seed amounts were the inputs and yield values from different treatments considered as output. Energy equivalents were used for this estimation. Based on the energy equivalents of inputs and outputs, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy was calculated. The production costs of each treatment included the land value, water value, fertilizer, fuel, human labor and tillage.
Result and Discussion
The results indicated that the highest grain (10005Kg ha-1) and straw yields (8409 Kg ha-1) belonged to ELRT treatment. The current study demonstrated that MT and RT with BI and EI have significant effects on grain yield. The results of data analysis indicated that maximum and minimum input energy was 45886.7 and 28392.9 MJ ha-1 in ELCT and BMT treatments, respectively. The greatest contribution from total energy belonged to energy of machinery (10375.3 MJ ha-1) and human labor (5142.6 MJ ha-1) in ELCT treatment. Highest and lowest energy of fertilizer belonged to EL (11762.2 MJ h-1) and B(5.96MJ ha-1), respectively. The input of energy for seed and irrigation water in all treatments was same (519 and 20016.7 Mg ha-1 , respectively) ELRT and BCT treatments produced the highest and lowest output energy with 309459.5 and 178965 Mg ha-1. The BMT provided the highest energy use efficiency (8.59), energy productivity (0.28 Kg Mg-1). Maximum specific energy (32.64MJ ha-1) belonged to BECT. ELRT and LCT produced the highest (266051 MJ ha-1) and the lowest (145119 MJ ha-1) net energy. Among different tillage systems, the highest energy use efficiency (7.42), and productivity energy (0.24 Kg Mg-1), net energy (225622 Mg) were calculated in MT.
Economic analysis indicated that maximum and minimum total cost of production were 44288247.5 and 32097340 Rials ha-1 that related to ELCT and BMT treatments, respectively. The highest (113750572 Rials ha-1) and lowest (64987312 Rials ha-1) gross value were obtained ELRT and BCT, although maximum (69810430 Rials ha-1) and minimum (31400201Rials ha-1) net revenue was calculated ELRT and LRT respectively.
Conclusion
Application of minimum and reduced tillage, bio fertilizer and manures and integration with half of recommended chemical fertilizer, are the effective strategy to improve resource management in agriculture. Moreover, effective energy use in agriculture is one of the conditions for sustainable agricultural production, since it provides financial saving, fossil resources preservation and air pollution reduction.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cropping systems
  • efficiency use of energy
  • Input
  • net revenue
  • Sustainable agriculture
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