بررسی توزیع عمودی سطح برگ و ماده خشک ریحان (Ocimum basilicum L.)، گاوزبان اروپایی (Borago officinalis L.) و گیاهان پوششی در شرایط رقابت با علف‌های هرز

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

2 تربیت مدرس

3 فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

نحوه توزیع سطح برگ و ماده خشک از فاکتورهای مؤثر بر میزان جذب تشعشع، تبخیر و تعرق کانوپی و در نهایت تجمع ماده خشک و عملکرد دانه در گیاهان محسوب می شود. به منظور بررسی توزیع عمودی سطح برگ و ماده خشک ریحان (Ocimum basilicum L.) و گاوزبان اروپایی (Borago officinalis L.) و در رقابت با علف‌های هرز تحت تیمارهای گیاهان پوششی، آزمایشی به صورت طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با هشت تیمار و سه تکرار در مزرعه دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری در سال 1392 اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل کاشت گیاهان پوششی ماش (Vigna radiate L.) و شبدر ایرانی (Trifolium resupinatum L.) در بین ردیف‌های ریحان و گاوزبان اروپایی بود، علاوه بر این دو تیمار کاشت خالص ریحان و گاوزبان اروپایی در شرایط وجین و عدم وجین علف‌های هرز در هر تکرار منظور شد. ارزیابی سطح برگ و ماده خشک هر یک از گیاهان در لایه‌های مختلف کانوپی (20-0، 40-20، 60-40، 80-60، 100-80، 120-100 و 140-120 سانتی‌متر)، در 75 روز بعد از کاشت انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که توزیع عمودی سطح برگ ریحان در همه تیمارها به‌جز حضور علف‌های ‌هرز به بالاترین لایه کانوپی یعنی 60-40 سانتی‌متر محدود گردید. درحالی‌که توزیع عمودی ماده خشک در کانوپی ریحان در شرایط حذف علف‌های هرز در همه لایه‌های کانوپی حفظ گردید. هم‌چنین عدم حضور رقیب در مجاورت گاوزبان اروپایی موجب اختصاص سطح برگ و ماده خشک به هر سه لایه کانوپی گردید. مطالعه توزیع عمودی درصد سطح برگ و ماده خشک در گیاهان پوششی حاکی از آن بود که شبدر و ماش در مجاورت ریحان از یکنواختی توزیع در بین تمامی لایه‌ها برخوردار بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation the Vertical Distribution of Leaf Area and Dry Matter of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Borage (Borago officinalis L.) and Cover Crops in Competition with Weeds

نویسندگان [English]

  • zeinab shirzadi margavi 1
  • faezeh Zaefarian 2
  • Milad Bagheri shirvan 3
1 Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
2 Tarbiat modaress university
3 Ferdowsi University
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Distribution of leaf area and dry matter are the effective factors that influence on absorption the radiation, evaporation and transpiration of canopy and eventually dry matter accumulation and grain yield in plants. Plant canopy is the spatial arrangement of shoots in a plant population. In plant canopy, leaves are responsible for radiation absorption and gas exchange with the outside. Stem and branches arrange photosynthetic organs somehow, which gas exchange and light distribution best done. The effect of canopy structure on gas exchange and absorption of radiation in plant communities caused detailed study of the canopy structure to be more important.
Materials and methods
In order to investigate the vertical distribution of leaf area and dry matter of borage and sweet basil in competition with weeds by cover crops treatments, a field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Sari in 2013. Treatments were cover crops mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) and Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) in the rows between the sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and borage (Borago officinalis L.). Moreover, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of cover crops to control weeds, pure stand of sweet basil and borage in terms of weeding and no weed controls per replicates were used. Each plot was included 5 rows of medicinal plants. Cover crop inter-seeded simultaneously in the main crop. Estimation of leaf area and dry matter of each plant in different canopy layers (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 80.100, 100-120 and 120-140 cm) were done after 75 planting days, with 1 m × 1 m quadrate per plot. For this purpose a vertical card board frame marked in 20-cm increments was used in the field as a guide to cut standing plants (crops, cover crops and weeds) into 20-cm strata increments (Mosier & Oliver, 1995). All samples were transferred to the laboratory, leaves and stem were separated and for every sample the area of green leaves was measured with a leaf area meter LICOR- 3000 A (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA). Afterwards all samples were oven-dried at 70 ºC for 48 hours and weighted. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by application SAS (Ver. 9.2). In order to compare the average, least significant differences test (LSD) were used. Excel was used for charting.
Results and discussion
Results presented that vertical distribution of sweet basil leaf area was limited in top layer of canopy (40-60 cm) in all treatments except presence of weeds. But dry matter of sweet basil canopy was distributed in all layers in weed free treatment. In borage, omitting the competition with weeds, causes to distribute leaf area and dry matter in all three layers. Results showed that mung bean and Persian clover have same distribution of leaf area and dry matter in all layers in neighboring with sweet basil. Generally, the vertical distribution of dry matter of weeds in the fields of borage and sweet basil had more uniformity in the absence of cover crops. Planting cover crops between rows of main plants causes rapid occupation of empty spaces and lack of weed seed germination and also prevent seedling growth and development of weeds.

Conclusion
Shading can cause leaf abscission of sweet basil and borage in lower layers when competing with weeds. While, presence of cover crop made dry matter allocation to these lower layers in sweet basil. Moreover, borage allocated its dry matter in presence of Persian clover and also in weed free. No applying cover crops caused weed height increment, so with planting suitable cover crop, weed growing can be decreased.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Canopy structure
  • Mung bean
  • Persian clover
Ahmadvand, G., Nasiri mahallati, M., and Koocheki, A. 2005. Effect of light competition and nitrogen fertilizer on canopy structure of wheat and wild oat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 12(6): 100-112. (In Persian with English Summary)
Aminpanah, H., Souroshzadeh, A., Zand, E., and Momeni, A. 2009. Investigation of light extinction coefficient and canopy structure of more and less competitiveness of rice cultivars (Oryza sativa) against Brarnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Electronic Journal of Crop Production 2(3): 69-84. (In Persian with English Summary)
Baldwin, K.R., and Creamer, N. 2006. Cover crops for organic farms. Organic production. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service: College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
Carruba, A., La Torre, R., and Matranga, A. 2002. Cultivation Trials of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in Semiarid Mediterranean Environment: Proceeding of International Conference on MAP. Acta Horticulture 576: 207-216.
Cousens, R.D., Weaver, S.E., Martin, T.D., Blair, A.M., and Wilson, J. 1991. Dynamics of competition between wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and winter cereals. Weed Research 37: 203-210.
Dadvand Sarab, M., Naghdi Badi, H., Nasri, M., Makkizadeh, M., and Omidi, H. 2008. Changes in essential oil content and yield of basil in response to different levels of nitrogen and plant density. Journal of Mecicinal Plant 3(27): 60-70. (In Persian with English Summary)
Dianat, M., Rahimian Mashhadi, H., Alizadeh, H.M., and Zand, E. 2005. Evaluation of important traits in competitive ability of wheat cultivars (Teriticum aestivum L.) against rye (Secale cereal). Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 71: 58-66. (In Persian with English Summary)
Hashemi, S.S., Zaefarian, F., Farahmandfar, E., and Bagheri Shirvan, M. 2016. Effect of cover crops on vertical distribution of leaf area and dry matter of soybean (Glycine max L.) in competition with weeds. Journal of Agroecology 8(3): 417-434. (In Persian with English Summary)
Lindquist, J.L., and Mortensen, D.A. 1998. Tolerance and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) suppressive ability of two old and two modern corn (Zea mays) hybrids. Weed Science 46: 569-574.
Mohammadi, G.R., Javanshir, A., Rahimzadeh Khoyii, F., Mohammadi, A., and Zahtab Salmasi, S. 2004. The effect of weeds interference on shoot and root growth and harvest index in chickpea. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 3: 51-60. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mosier, D.G., and Oliver, L.R. 1995. Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) and entireleaf momingglory (Ipomoea hederacea Var. integriuscula) interference on soybean (Glycine max). Weed Science 43: 239-246.
Nazari, S. 2013. Cover crop effectiveness on weed control of corn in different planting time. Msc. Thesis of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Rahimi, A., Rahimian Mashhadi, H., Agha Alikhani, M., and Karimi kalaleh, M. 2006. Investigation of dry matter in canopy orientation in corn (Zea mays L.) and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) in competition condition. The First Iranian Weed Science Congress, Tehran, Iran. 25-26 January p: 354-359. (In Persian)
Rajcan, I., Agha Alikhani, M., Swanton, C.J., and Tollenaar, M. 2002. Development of redroot pigweed is influenced by light spectral quality and quantity. Crop Science 42: 1930-1936.
Rajcan, I., and Swanton, C.I. 2001. Understanding maize-weed competition: resource competition, light quality and whole plant. Field Crops Research 71: 139-150.
Regnier, E.E., and Stoller, E.W. 1989. The effect of soybean (Glycine Max) and interferner on the canopy architecture of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), jimsonweed (Datura sramonium) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Science 37: 187-195.
Reicosky, D., and Forcella, F. 1998. Cover crop and soil quality interactions in agroecosystems. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 53(3): 224-226.
Rezvani, M., Zaefarian, F., and Joveini, M. 2010. Response of canopy structure of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars to weed competition. Iranian Weed Science 6(2): 91-105. (In Persian with English Summary)
Saadatian, B., Ahmadvand, G., and Soleimani, F. 2012. Study of canopy structure and growth characters role of two wheat cultivars in competition, on economic threshold and yield of rye and wild mustard. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 9(3): 494-504. (In Persian with English Summary)
Safahani Langerodi, A., Aynehband, A., Zand, E., Nour-mohammadi, G.H., Baghestani, M.A., and Kamkar, B. 2008. Evaluation of competitive ability in some canola (Brasica napus) cultivars with wilds mustard (Sinapis arvensis) and relationship with canopy structure. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 15(2): 86-98. (In Persian with English Summary)
Samaey, M., Akbary, A., and Zand, E. 2006. The study of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) competition and density effects on morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Islamic Azad University) 12: 41-55. (In Persian with English Summary)
Sanjani, S., Bagher Hosseini, M.B., Chaichi, M.R., and Rezvan Beidokhti, S. 2009. Effect of additive intercropping sorghum: cowpea on weed biomass and density in limited irrigation system. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7(1): 85-95. (In Persian with English Summary)
Shams, H., Naghdibadi, H.A., Omidi, H., Rezazadeh, S.H., Souroshzadeh, A., and Seifsahandi, M. 2009. Evaluation of calcium effect on quantitiy and quality changes of shoot in borage (Borago officinalis L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(8): 138-144. (In Persian with English Summary)
Sinoquet, H., and Caldwell, R.M. 1995. Estimation of Light Capture and Partitioning in Intercropping Systems. In: H. Sinoquet and P. Cruz (Eds.): Ecophysiology of Tropical Intercropping. Paris, Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). p. 79-80.
Teasdale, J.R. 1995. Influence of narrow row/high population corn (Zea mays L.) on weed control and light transmittance: Weed Technology 9: 113-118.
Traore, S., Mason, S.C., Martin, A.R., Mortensen, D.A., and Spotanski, J.J. 2003. Velvetleaf interference on yield and growth of grain sorghum. Agronomy Journal 95: 1602-1607.
Uchino, H., Iwama, K., Jitsuyama, Y., Ichiyama, K., Sugiura, E., Yudate, T., Nakamura, S., and Gopal, J. 2012. Effect of interseeding cover crops and fertilization on weed suppression organic and rotational cropping system. 1. Stability of weed suppression over years and main crops of potato, maize and soybean. Field Crops Research 127: 9-16.
Yaghoobi, S.R., Pirdashti, H., Habibi savadkoohi, M., and Ghadamyari, S. 2009. Effect of weed free periods on canopy structure and leaf area distribution in corn (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Science 11: 15-24. (In Persian with English Summary)
Zaefarian, F. 2009. Ecophysiological response of corn and soybean intercropping to simultaneous competition of redroot pigweed and jimson weed: PhD Thesis. Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Zand, A., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2003. Changing of canopy structure of some wheat cultivar in 50 recent years. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 13(4): 13-26. (In Persian with English Summary)
CAPTCHA Image