اثرات سطوح آب و کود نیتروژن بر کارآیی مصرف و بهره وری آب در سه گیاه ذرت (Zea mays L.)، چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) و کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

به دلیل محدودیت های موجود در نهاده های کشاورزی به ویژه آب، استفاده بهینه از منابع آب و نیتروژن از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار است. به-منظور بررسی سطوح آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر کار آیی و بهره وری مصرف آب در سه گیاه چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.)، ذرت (Zea mays L.) و کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.) آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1389-1388 با سه تکرار به صورت کرت های خردشده نواری در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. کرت های اصلی این آزمایش شامل سه گونه چغندرقند، ذرت و کنجد، کرت های فرعی شامل سه سطح آبیاری (100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی هر یک از گونه ها) و کرت های نواری شامل چهار سطح نیتروژن خالص (صفر، 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. بر اساس نتایج، بیشترین کارآیی مصرف آب به ترتیب در ذرت، چغندرقند و کنجد معادل 4/2، 8/1 و 5/1 کیلوگرم ماده خشک بر متر مکعب آب حاصل شد. همچنین بیشترین بهره وری مصرف آب در گیاه چغندرقند معادل4200 واحد و پس از آن در کنجد و ذرت هرکدام به ترتیب 2123 و 1768 ریال بر متر مکعب آب آبیاری به دست آمد. اثر متقابل آب و نیتروژن بر کارآیی و بهره وری مصرف آب در این سه گونه گیاهی معنی دار بود. با کاهش 25 درصد نیاز آبی در این سه گونه گیاهی، تنها 19 درصد کاهش در WUE* (کارآیی مصرف آب اقتصادی) حاصل شد. با افزایش مصرف نیتروژن، بهره وری آب در سه گونه زراعی کاهش یافت. به نظر می رسد که مصرف نیتروژن بالا نمی تواند در کاهش اثرات سوء تنش خشکی موثر باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of different levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on productivity and efficiency in corn (Zea mays L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Heydaripoor 1
  • Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati 1
  • Alireza Koocheki 1
  • Ahmad Zare Feiz Abadi 2
1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
2 Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Optimum uses of water and nitrogen resources are the most important factors in agricultural systems due to limitations of agricultural inputs especially water. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on efficiency and productivity of water consumption in three crop (sugar beet, corn and sesame) an experiment was carried out as strip split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season of 2008-2009 .The main, sub and strip factors were three species (sugar beet, corn and sesame), three irrigation levels (100, 75 and 50% of water requirement of each crop) and four nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1), respectively. The result showed that the highest water use efficiency was observed as 2.4, 1.8 and 1.5 kg DM.m-3 in corn, sugar beet and sesame, respectively. The maximum water use productivity was obtained for sugar beet (4200 Rails.m-3), sesame (2123 Rails.m-3) and then for corn (1768 Rails.m-3). Interaction effect between water and nitrogen was significant on water use efficiency and productivity for all three studied crops. Water use efficiency declined up to 19% by decreasing 25% of water requirement. Water use productivity decreased in all three studied crops by increasing nitrogen consumption. It seems that high nitrogen level could not be affect on reducing drought stress effects.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought stress
  • economic efficiency
  • Harvest index
  • water requirement
Alizadeh, A., and Kamali, A. 2008. Crop Water Requirement in Iran. Astan Ghods Razavi Publications, Mashhad p. 135-161. (In Persian)
Armstrong, M.J., Milford, G.F., Pocock, T.O., Last, P.J., and Day, W. 1986. The dynamics of nitrogen uptake and its remobilization during the growth of sugar beet. Agricultural Journal of Science 107: 145-154.
Anonymous. 2010. Statistics of Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture of Iran. (In Persian)
Baghani, J., and Alizadeh, A. 2000. Crop yield and water use efficiency in drip and furrow irrigation. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 5: 1-10. (In Persian with English Summary)
English, M.J., Musick, J.T., and Nmurty, V.V.N. 1990. Deficit irrigation management of farm irrigation system. American Society of Agriculture Engineer 116: 631-663.
Gheflati, M. 1994. Evaluate effects of plant density on yield and yield components of sesame. PhD dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Imayavaramban, V., Singaravel, R., Thanunathan, K., and Manickam, G. 2002. Studies on the effect of different plant densities and the levels of nitrogen on the productivity and economic returns of sesame. Crop Research 24: 314-316.
Jalini, M., Ghaemi, A., and Zare Parvar, H. 2008. Effects of water stress on nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water use efficiency on sugar beet. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science 4(2): 164-172. (In Persian with English Summary)
Kaveh, F., and Hosseini Abri, S.A. 2009. Increasing water productivity in Agriculture. 12th Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (IRNCID). (In Persian with English Summary)
Kiyani, A., and Kallate Arabi, M. 2009. Effect of different irrigation levels on yield and water productivity in wheat on Gorgan region. Journal of Plant Production 16(3): 85-102. (In Persian with English Summary)
Koutroubas, S.D., Papakosta, D.K., and Doitsinis, A. 2000. Water requirements for castor oil crop (Ricinnus communis L.) in a Mediterranean climate. Crop Science 14: 33-41.
Lak, S., Siyadat, S.A., Ayene band, A., and Noor Mohammadi, G. 2006. Effect of nitrogen level plant density on yield, yield component and water use efficiency in corn. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8: 153-170. (In Persian with English summary)
Montazar, A., and Kosari, H. 2007. Water productivity analysis of some irrigated crops in Iran. Research Report of University College of Aboureyhan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran. (In Persian)
Nasr-Esfahani, A. 2009. Planning and Management Research Institute Agriculture and the research findings at web site http:// www.agri-peri.ir/entesharat/gozareshat/.../85--2.p... - (verified in 15 July 2011).
Ober, E.S., Clark, C.J.A., Lebloa, M., Royal, A., Jaggard, K.W., and Pidgeon, J.D. 2004. Assessing the genetic resources to improve drought in sugar beet. Agronomic traits of diverse genotypes under droughted and irrigated conditions. Field Crops Research 90: 213-234.
Ogala, J.B.O., Wheeler, T.R., and Harris, P.M. 2002. Effects of nitrogen and irrigation on water use of maize crops. Field Crops Research 78: 105-117.
Paperi Moghaddam, A., and Bahrani, M.J. 2005. Effect of nitrogen application on some characteristics of sesame. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 36(1): 129-135. (In Persian with English Summary)
Rodrigues, M.A., Pereira, A., Cabanas, J.E., Dias, L., Pires, J., and Arrobas, M. 2006. Crops use-efficiency of nitrogen from manures permitted in organic farming. European Journal of Agronomy 25: 328-335.
Sajedi, A. 2008. Interaction effects of water stress, zinc and mycorrhizae on yield, yield components and harvest index on corn. Journal of New Agricultural Sciences 2(3): 271-284. (In Persian with English Summary)
Salvagiotti, F., Castellarin, J.M., Miralles, D.J., and Pedrol, H.M. 2009. Sulfur fertilization improves nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by increasing nitrogen uptake. Field Crops Research 113: 170-177.
Vazifedousta, M., Vandama, J.C., Feddesa, R.A., and Feizic, M. 2008. Increasing water productivity of irrigated crops under limited water supply at field scale. Agricultural Water Management 95: 89-102.
Vomucka, L., and Pospisilvoa, J. 2003. Rehydration of sugar beet plant after water stress. Biologya Plant Arum 46 (1): 57-62.
CAPTCHA Image