Journal Of Agroecology

Journal Of Agroecology

Improving Quantitative and Qualitative Seed Yield of Camelina through the Integrated Application of Chemical Fertilizers, Biofertilizers, and Nano-Chitosan under Rainfed and Supplementary Irrigation Conditions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
Abdollah Javanmard
Mohammad Haghaninia
Haniyeh Shabkhiz
Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, East Azarbaijan, Iran
10.22067/agry.2026.97784.1270
Abstract
Introduction
One of the most critical environmental factors affecting the distribution, spread, growth, and successful production of plant products is the amount of water available to the plant. Reducing water availability causes drought stress and triggers numerous morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in plants (Farooq et al., 2009). Water deficiency stress leads to reduced growth, dry weight, stomatal closure, decreased height, smaller leaf area, cell growth inhibition, lower photosynthesis rates, protein degradation, enzyme destruction, toxic substance production, hormonal imbalances such as increased abscisic acid and decreased growth promoters, damage to plastids, and restricted root growth (Anwaar et al., 2020). Supplementary irrigation is an effective method for compensating soil moisture deficiency, increasing water-use efficiency, preventing yield fluctuations, and promoting sustainable production in arid and semi-arid regions (Mohtashami et al., 2020). Moreover, using biofertilizers as environmentally friendly inputs is valuable because they rely on renewable energy sources, are cost-effective, and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers. Various studies have shown that using chitosan nanoparticles can reduce the harmful effects of biotic and abiotic stresses and significantly improve the quantity and quality of agricultural products by enhancing nutrient availability (Mehmood et al., 2020).

Materials and Methods
To investigate the effects of different fertilizer sources under dryland and supplementary irrigation conditions on the quantity and quality of camelina (Camelina sativa L.) oil, an experiment was conducted using split plots based on a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and three replications in the field of the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Maragheh during the crop years 2020 and 2021. The main factor was cultivation under rainfed conditions and with supplementary irrigation, while the sub-factor included various fertilizer sources: control (without fertilizer), 100% recommended chemical fertilizer (CF), biofertilizer (BF), chitosan nanoparticles (CS), a mixture of 50% chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer, 50% CF + CS nanoparticles, BF + CS nanoparticles, and a combination of 50% CF + BF + CS nanoparticles. Seeds used in this experiment were of the Soheil variety, with a germination rate of 98% and purity of 99%, obtained from Shafa Bisotun Company, Kermanshah. Bed preparation involved plowing, disking, and leveling, based on soil conditions and moisture reaching field capacity. Subsequently, plots measuring 6 square meters with 8 rows of cultivation were prepared. The distances between crop lines and within crop lines were set at 10 cm and 5 cm, respectively. After confirming the normality of the data, the combined variance analysis was performed in the form of two-way split plots using statistical software (SAS version 9.1, Cary, NC, USA), and the graphs were generated using Excel software. Additionally, data means were compared using Duncan’s test at a significance level of 5%.

Results and Discussion
The results showed that the combined application of 50% CF, growth- promoting bacteria, and CS nanoparticles increased seed yield by 32.22, 24.79, and 0.75%, respectively, under supplementary irrigation conditions, and by 26.11, 15.26, and 12.56%, respectively, under rainfed conditions, compared to the separate application of CF, growth- promoting bacteria, and CS nanoparticles. The maximum oil yield (239.89 kg.ha-1) was achieved under supplementary irrigation conditions using 50% chemical fertilizer combined with growth- promoting bacteria and chitosan nanoparticles. Under rainfed conditions, the combined treatment of growth- promoting bacteria and chitosan nanoparticles increased the oil yield by 109.30% compared to the control. Additionally, the combined application of 50% fertilizer, growth- promoting bacteria, and CS nanoparticles under supplementary irrigation increased camelina oil yield by 73.9% compared to the control. The main components of camelina oil included saturated fatty acids such as palmitic (6.85-3.73%) and stearic acids (4.34-2.33%), and unsaturated fatty acids including oleic (16.43-14.46%), linoleic (25.14-19.19%), linolenic (36.79-31.92%), and eicosanoic acid (11.44-7.81%). The highest levels of palmitic and stearic acids were observed with supplementary irrigation combined with CF. Moreover, the results demonstrated that supplementary irrigation increased the relative water content by 33% compared to rainfed conditions. The combined application of 50% CF, growth- promoting bacteria, and CS nanoparticles under both rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions raised the relative water content by 58.3 and 81.2%, respectively, compared to the control. Notably, the combined treatment of 50% CF, growth- promoting bacteria, and CS nanoparticles increased chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contents by 114.53, 137.88, and 121.51%, respectively, compared to no fertilizer use. Drought stress causes a decrease in grain yield by reducing leaf water, closing stomata, and lowering photosynthesis, as well as affecting enzyme activities and related processes. The use of chitosan nanoparticles enhances drought tolerance by reducing transpiration and maintaining relative water content. Additionally, the increase in oil yield with the application of plant growth- promoting bacteria plus CS nanoparticles is attributed to improved nutrient availability and higher grain and oil content. The use of 50% CF, growth- promoting bacteria, and CS nanoparticles significantly increased chlorophyll content compared to untreated plants. It appears that this combined application increases protein content and Rubisco actives enzyme activity, enhancing Calvin cycle reactions, which boosts Rubisco carboxylation activity and improves photosynthesis. Furthermore, growth- promoting bacteria increase chlorophyll and carotenoid levels by improving nutrient availability, including potassium.

Conclusion
In general, the results showed that the integrated application of 50% recommended chemical fertilizer combined with biofertilizer and chitosan nanoparticles under supplemental irrigation is recommended as a sustainable, profitable, and farmer-advisable nutrient package to enhance the quantitative and qualitative yield of camelina in rainfed and water-limited regions. The use of these inputs improves the absorption of nutrients and increases the efficiency of fertilizer use, thereby improving the physiological indicators of the plant, increasing yield, and improving the quality and composition of Camelina oil. Also, this strategy can have positive effects on plant adaptation and production sustainability in rainfed conditions where environmental stresses, especially moisture limitation, exist.
Keywords
Chlorophyll content
Nanotechnology
Oil compounds
Water stress
Subjects

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

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  • Receive Date 10 February 2026
  • Revise Date 24 August 2026
  • Accept Date 06 September 2026
  • First Publish Date 06 September 2026