Evaluation of the Residues of Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) on Characteristics of Soil, in Cultivation without Chemical Inputs Corn (Zea mays L.)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Einollah Hesami ¹
• Mohsen Jahan ²

¹ Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran

² Department of Agrotechnology Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/agry.2023.84230.1165

Abstract

Introduction[1]
 
Pre-cultivated plants are types of plants that, after harvesting the economic part, the plant residuals are returned to the soil to increase the organic matter and to improve the next plant’s productivity. The use of plant residues can improve biological health by reducing the chemical inputs used in agriculture. Due to the fact that in dry areas such as North Khuzestan, the role of pre-cultivated plants and the effect of their residues on growth and performance have been studied less, this research can be done in different humidity conditions before planting the main plant, and the effects of plant residues and their role on the qualitative characteristics and organic matter of the soil and the performance of plants such as corn are promising and help farmers and researchers.
 
Material and Methods
 
This experiment was conducted in two neighboring farms. In each year, two experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two years and two locations. Before planting corn in two fields, cultivation treatments and mixing residues of four plant species, including rice, cowpea, dill, eggplant, and fallow, were used as experimental treatments. After harvesting the pre-cultivation plant, investigate the effect of plant residues on some soil characteristics over time. In order to determine the amount of moisture stored in the soil, in two stages before planting and in the middle of the corn growing season, the percentage of soil moisture by weight was calculated. To determine the organic carbon content in the soil before planting and during the mid-growth stage of the corn plant, organic carbon was oxidized using potassium dichromate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by titration with semi-normal ammonium ferrous sulfate in the presence of the ortho phenanthroline reagent (Walkley, 1934). Additionally, soil nitrogen was measured in the laboratory using the Kjeldahl method (Pag et al., 1982).
 
 Results and Discussion
In both farms, the stability of the soil grains in the second year was higher than in the first year, which is due to the placement of organic materials of plant residues in the structure of the soil grains (Koocheki et al., 2020). Soil stability increased in both farms in the second year, with the difference that the soil stability increased by 64% in WET Planting and 50% in dry Planting. In the first and second years, respectively, there was a 35 and 29% increase in soil moisture compared to the control. The results of this research showed that the positive effect of plant residues in improving the organic matter of the soil after corn cultivation in wet Planting was much higher than that of dry Planting. The rice residues increased the soil organic matter by 51 and 47% in wet Planting and dry Planting. The results of the measurement data before corn cultivation showed a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil in the second year, and this increase was 55% higher in the field with the method of wet Planting cultivation. The results of the measured data after corn cultivation in the second year showed that the amount of nitrogen in the soil increased, and the intensity of the increase in the field using the wet Planting method was 44% more than the field using the dry method.
 
Conclusion
 
The results of this experiment showed that the apparent specific weight of the soil in the second year, influenced by the use of plant residues, decreased over time. The preservation of plant residues has caused an increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil, and in wet planting conditions, the intensity of its increase has been 44% more than in DRY Planting conditions. Also, by using plant residues of dill and beans, the amount of phosphorus in the soil increased.






 



 
 

Keywords

• Phosphorus
• Plant residues
• Potassium
• Organic matter
• Yield

Main Subjects

• Ecological approaches in agroecology

---

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

1. Afzali Gorouh, H., Naghavii, H., Rostami, M.A., & Najafinezhad, H. (2019). Effect of conservation tillage and wheat residue management in some soil properties and grain Yield of corn. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 33(1), 1-11. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijsr.2019.119050
2. Azam, F. (2002). Added nitrogen interaction in the soil-plant system-A review. Journal of Agronomy, 1(1), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.3923/ja.2002.54.59
3. Achakzai, A. K.K., & Bangulzai, M. I. (2006). Effect of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the Yield and Yield attributes of pea (Pisum sativum ) cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 38(2), 331-340.
4. Bakht, J.S., Tariq, M., & Shah, Z. (2009). Influence of crop residue management, cropping system and N fertilizer on soil N and C dynamics and sustainable wheat (Triticum aestivum) production. Soil and Tillage Research, 104, 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.02.006
5. Bannayan Aval, M., Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf, K., Yaghoubi, F., Rashidi, Z., & Valaie, N. (2020). Effect of tillage systems and residue management on soil water conservation, Yield and Yield components of wheat. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 18(1), 71-83. In Persian with English abstract. https://doi.org/ 10.22067/gsc.v18i1.78442
6. Barraclough, P.B., & Tinker, P.G. (2006). The determination of ionic diffusion in field soils. II. Diffusion of bromide ions in undisturbed soil cores. Journal of Soil Science. 33, 13-2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1982.tb01743.x
7. Celik, I., Ortas, I., & Kilic, S. (2004). Effects of compost, mycorrhiza, manure and fertilizer on some physical properties of a chromoxerert soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 78, 59-67. https://dio.org/ 10.1016/j.still.2004.02.012
8. Chastain, T.G., Young, W.C. Garbacik, C.J. Meints, P.D., & Silberstein, T.B. (2000). Alternative residue management and stand age effects on seed quality in cool-season perennial grasses. Seed Technology. 22, 34-42. https: //www. jstor. org/ stable/ 45133809
9. Clark, A.J., Meisinger, J.J., Decker, A.M., & Mulford, F.R. (2007). Effects of a grass-selective herbicide in a vetch–rye cover crop system on corn grain Yield and soil moisture. Agronomy Journal. 99, 43-48. https://org/ 10.2134/agronj2005.0362
10. ‍‍Dom, R.F., Mehdi, B.B., Burgress, M.S.E., Madramootoo, C.A., Mehuys, G.R., & Callum, I.R. (2005). Soil bulk density and crop Yield under eleven consecutive years of corn with different tillage and residue practices in a sandy loam soil in central Canada. Soil and Tillage Research. 84, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.08.006
11. Eagle, A.J., Bird, J.A., Hill, J.E., Horwath, W.R., & Kessel, C.V. (2001). Nitrogen dynamics and fertilizer use efficiency in rice following straw incorporation and winter flooding. Agronomy Journal. 93, 1346-1354. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.1346
12. Eghball, B. (2002(. Soil properties as influenced by phosphorus and nitrogen-based manure and compost applications. Agronomy Journal. 94, 128-135. https://org/10. 2134/agronj2002.1280
13. Jahan, M., Javadi, M., & Hesami, E. (2021). Nutritional management improved sesame performance and soil properties: A function-based study on sesame as affected by deficit irrigation, water superabsorbent, and salicylic acid. Journal Soil Science Plant Nutrition, 21: 2702– (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00557-2
14. Javadi, H., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Rashed Mohasel, M., & Seghatoleslami, M.J. (2019). Effect of fertilizer management on some chemical properties of soil and absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus elements by purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 17(2), 187-205. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v17i2.67458
15. Haynes, R.J., & Mokolobate, M.S. (2001). Amelioration of Al toxicity and P deficiency in acid soils by additions of organic residues: A critical review of the phenomenon and the mechanisms involved. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 59 (1): 47-63. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009823600950
16. Hseami, E., Jahan, M., Nassiri-Mahallati, M., & Farhoudi, R. (2020). Evaluation of the effect of the return of different types of plant residues to soil on the Yield of maize. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 12(2), 134-147. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/20. 1001. 1. 20085958.1399.12. 41. 12. 9
17. Hesami, E., Jahan, M., Nassiri mahallati, M., & Farhoudi, R. (2018). Effects of plant residues in two types of soil texture on soil characteristics and corn (Zea mays) NS640 Yield in a reduced -tillage cropping system. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 16(1), 67-81. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/ 10.22067/gsc.v16i1.56548
18. Katsvairo, T., Cox, W.J., & Van, E.H. (2002). Tillage and rotation effects on soil physical characteristics. Agronomy Journal. 94, 299-304. https://doi.org/10. 2134/ agronj 2002. 2990
19. Koocheki, A., & Khajeh Hosseini, M. (2007). Modern agriculture. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
20. Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., & Fallahi, H. (2016). Effects of planting dates, irrigation management and cover crops on growth and Yield of saffron (Crocus sativus). Journal of Agroecology, 8(3), 435-451. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v8i3.51323
21. Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., & Azimzadeh, J. (2020). Effect of different tillage systems on wheat (Triticum aestivum ) Yield and some soil physical characteristics in a fallow-wheat rotation under rainfed condition. Journal of Agroecology, 12 (2), 299-317. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10. 22067/ jag. v12i2. 52175
22. Mesgarbashi, M., Bakhshandeh, A. Nabipour M., & Kashani, A. )2013(. Investigating the effect of plant residues and chemical fertilizers on wheat Yield and soil organic matter. The Scientific Journal of Agricultural. 3, 247-239. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/sid.ir/paper/24718/en
23. Mubarak, A.R., Rosenani, A.B., Anuar, A.R., & Zauyah, D.S. (2003). Effect of incorporation of crop residues on a maizegroundnut sequence in the humid tropics. I. Yield and nutrient uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 26, 1841-1858. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-120023287
24. Mishra, B.B., & Nayak, K.C. (2004). Oraganic farming for sustainable agriculture. Orissa Review. 3176400. pp: 42-45
25. Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., & Rezvani Moghaddam, P. (2001). Agroecology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications, Mashhad, Iran. p. 453. (In Persian)
26. Page,L., Miller, R.H., & Keeney, D.R. (1982). Methods of soil analysis. Part II. Chemical and microbiological. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society. 64, 918-926.
27. Prior, S.A. Reicosky, C, Reeves, D.W, Runion., & Raper, R.L.G.B.  (2000). Residue and tillage effects on planting implement-induced short-term CO₂and water loss from loamy sand soil in Alabama. Soil and Tillage Research. 54, 197-199.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00092-6
28. Rezvani Moghaddam, P. (2018). Evaluation of carbon allocation coefficients and net primary production for major crops in Khorasan-e Razavi province. Journal of Crop Production, 11(1), 141-152. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10. 22069/ ejcp. 2018. 13021. 2011
29. Salehi, F., Bahrani, M. C., Kazemini, S. A., Pak Neyat, H., & Karimian, N. (2011). The effect of wheat residues and nitrogen fertilizer on some characteristics of field soil in bean cultivation. Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources, Water and Soil Sciences. 55, 209-218. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/20. 1001. 1.24763594. 1390. 15. 55. 16. 4
30. Smith, M. K., Smith, J. P., & Stirling, G. R. (2011). Integration of minimum tillage, crop rotation and organic amendments into a ginger farming system: Impacts on Yield and soilborne diseases. Soil and Tillage Research, 114 (2). 108-116. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j. still. 2011. 04. 006
31. Wang, Q., Bai, Y., GAO, H. He. J., Chen, H., Chesney, R.C., Kuhn, N.J., & Li, H. (2008). Soil chemical properties and microbial biomass after 16 years of no-tillage farming on the Loess Plateau, China. 144, 502–508. https://doi.org/10. 1016/ j. geoderma. 2008. 01. 003
32. Wanas, S.H.A., & Orman, W.M., (2006). Advantages of applying various compost types to different layers of sandy soil: Journal of Applied Scientific Research. 2(12), 1298-1303
33. Wilhelm, W.W., Johnson, J.M., Hatfield, F., Voorhees, J.L., & Linden, D.R. (2004). Crop and soil productivity response to corn residue removal: A literature review. Agronomy Journal. 96, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1000a
34. Xu, R.K., & Coventry, D.R. (2003). Soil pH changes associated with lupin and wheat plant materials incorporated in a red–brown earth soil. Plant and Soil. 250 (1), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022882408133
35. Zaeri, A., Rezainejad, Y., Ofune, M., & Shariatmadari, H. (2014). Cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge on soil stability, permeability and apparent specific gravity of soil. Agricultural Science. 28, 101-110. (In Persian)