Effects of water stress and application of manure on growth indices and accumulation of dry matter of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus daenensis

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction:
Environmental stress is one of the main factors limiting the growth and production of crops in the world. In general, water is one of the most effective factors on a Total Dry Matter (TDM) and water stress on plants can reduce the Crop Growth Rate(CGR), Relative Growth Rate(RGR), Leaf Area Index(LAI) and Total Dry Matter(TDM). One of the most accurate ways to study the responses of plants to environmental condition is evaluation of growth indices. Sanchez-Rodrigo et al (2010) reported that in water stress condition that reduced moisture for plants, manure might help plants to maintain their moisture content, provide water for plant and is effective in reducing the negative effects of water stress. Due to the water stress influences on plant growth, measurement of TDM of medicinal herbs like thyme is of vital importance to evaluate the effect of water stress on plans. The quality of medicinal plants is largely determined by the relevant natural compounds (secondary metabolites) and the quantity and quality of these compounds are determined by environmental factors such as water availability. In general, water reduction in plant tissues reduces the growth of different parts of the plant like the roots and aerial organs of the plant. In this regard, Sharafzadeh and Zare (2011) reported that drought stress reduces dry weight and height of Thymus vulgaris. Given that the large parts of Iran’s lands are situated in the arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore evaluating the effect of drought stress on qualitative and quantitative changes in medicinal plant species of thyme is important.This study aimed at examining the effects of water stress and manure on some the growth indices and TDM of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris
Materials and methods:
 In order to evaluate the effect of water stress and manure on some of the growth indices and accumulation of total dry matter of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the Agriculture research field of the University of Birjand, located at latitude 53º: 32N, longitude 13:55ºE and altitude 1480 m above sea level in 2015. Experimental factors were including water stress (100%, 67% and 33% of field capacity), two species of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis celak) and manure at two levels (30tons.ha-1 and No manure).
 Results and Discussion:
The results showed that water stress reduced traits such as LAI, CGR, NAR, SLA, LWR and TDM and only non-significant effect on RGR. In all traits the highest and lowest amount obtained from 100% FC (normal condition) and 33% FC (The highest level of water stress) respectively. The higher LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, and SLA in the normal condition (100% FC) might be due to better availability to water and food and the result of efforts to expand the plant canopy. TDM decreased 26.56 percent with increasing stress from 100 to 33% field capacity. Manure treatment had a positive impact on growth indices and the highest the and lowest amount of growth indices and TDM obtained from of 30ton.ha-1 manure. So the application of manure to the soil in water shortage conditions is recommended to achieve the highest TDM.
 Conclusions:
In the current study, the highest TDM obtained from 30 ton ha-1 manure that having a significant difference with the situation where no manure. The TDM and growth indices increased after the soil physical properties were modified and nutrient available for thyme in the manure treatment. In between the two species, Thymus daenensis showed the highest growth indices (With the exception of LWR) compared to the Thymus vulgaris. Therefore, we can say that Thymus daenensis can introduce superior species when exposed to water stress.

Keywords


Abou El-Magd, M.M., El-Bassiony, A.M., and Fawzy, Z.F. 2006. Effect of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of some varieties of broccoli plants. Journal of Applied Science Researc. 2 (10): 791-798.
Ashraf, M., and Foolad, M. R. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59: 206-216.
Askary, M., Behdani, M.A., Parsa, S., Jamialahmadi, M., and Mahmoodi, S. 2016. Assessment of changes in yield components, yield and some physiological traits of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus daenensis under drought stress and application of manure. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science Journal 11(1): 47-63. (Persian with English Summary)
Bahreininejad. B., Razmjoo. J., and Mirza. M. 2013. Influence of water stress on morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits in Thymus daenensis. International Journal of Plant Production 7 (1): 151-166.
Bahreininejad. B., Razmjoo. J., and Mirza. M. 2015. Influence of water stress on physiological growth indices in Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. Iranian Journal of Plant Process and Function 3 (7): 67-79. (Persian with English Summary)
Beheshti, A., Koocheki A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2002. The effect of planting pattern on light interception and radiation use efficiency in canopy of three maize cultivars. Seed and Plant 18 (4): 417-431. (In Persian with English Summary)
Cakir, R. 2004. Effect of water Stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research 89: 1-16.
Chapman, P., and Westgate M.E. 1993. Water deficit affects receptivity of maize silk. Crop Science 33: 279-282.
Corticchiato, M., Tomi, F., Bernardini, A.F., and Casanova, J. 1998. Composition attnd infra specific variability of essential oil from Thymus herba barona lois. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 26: 915-932.
Daneshian, J., Ardakani, M.R., and Habibi, D. 2005. Drought stress effects on yield, quantitative characteristics of new sunflower hybrids.The2, International Conference on Integrated Approaches to Sustain and Improve Plant Production under Drought Stress. Roma. Italy. P: 406. European Agronomy Journal 13: 39-45.
English, M.J., and James, L. 1990. Deficit irrigation. П: Observation on Colombia basin. ASCE, Journal of Irrigation Drainage 116: 413-426.
Fallah, A., Ghalavand, M., and Khajehpour, R. 2007. Effects of animal manure incorporation methods and its integration with chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) in Khorramabad, Lorestan. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 40 (11): 233-243. (In Persian with English Summary)
Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G., and Scheffer, J.J.C. 2008. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 23 (4): 213-226.
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Hashemi, M., and Taherian Ghahfarokhi, F. 2013. Essential oil and chemical compositions of wild and cultivated Thymus daenensis Celak and Thymus vulgaris L. Industrial Crops and Products 48: 43-48.
Goldani, M., and Rezvani, P. 2007. The effects of different irrigation regimes and planting dates on phenology and growth indices of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars in Mashhad. Journal Agriculture Science Nature Resource 14: 229-242. (In Persian with English Summary)
Gordner, F., Pearce, R., and Mitchell, R.L. 1985. Physiology of Crop Plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames USA.
Haggai, P.T. 2004. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus application on yield attributes and seed yield of Sesame (Seasmum indicum L.) in Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. Proceedings of 38th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN). Lafiya, Nasarawa State, Nigeria P.150-157.
Hendawy, S.F., Azza, A.E., Aziz, E., and Omer, E.A. 2010. Productivity and oil quality of Thymus Vulgaris L. under organic fertilization conditions. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences 3 (2) 203-216.
Hidalgo, P., Sindoni, M., Matta, F., and Nagel, D.H. 2005. Earthworm Casting Increase Germination Rate and Seedling Development of cucumber. Journal of Plant Production 3 (1): 28-41.
Hossain, M., Sarkar, M., and Paul, S. 2011.Growth Analysis of Late Transplant Aman Rice (cv. BR23) Raised from Tiller Seedlings. Libyan Agriculture Research Center Journal International 2 (6): 265-273.
Jaleel, C., Gopi, R., Kishorekumar, A., Manivannan, P., Sankar, B., and Panneerselvam, R. 2008. Interactive effects of triadimefon and salt stress on antioxidative status and ajmalicine accumulation in Catharanthus roseus. Acta Physiology of Plantarum 30 (3): 287-292.
Karimi, M.M., and Siddique, H.M. 1991. Crop growth and relative growth rates of old modern wheat cultivars. Australian Journal Agricultural Research 42: 783-788.
Kibe, A. M., Singh, S., and Kalra, N. 2006. Water– nitrogen relationships for wheat growth and productivity in late sown conditions. Agricultural Water Management 84:221–228.
Letchamo, W. 1995. A comparative study of chamomile yield, Essential oil and flavonoids content under two sowing season and nitrogen levels. Acta- Horticulutre 306: 375-384.
Macilwain, C. 2004. Is organic farming better for the environment? Natural Journal 428: 797-798.
Mandal, K., Saravanan, R., and Maiti, S. 2008. Effect of different levels of N, P and K on downy mildew (Peronospora plantaginis) and seed yield of Plantago ovata. Crop Protection 27 (6): 988-995.
Nouri azhar, J., and Ehsanzedeh, P. 2007. Study of relationship of some growth indices and yield of five corn hybrids at two irrigation regime in Esfahan region. Journal Science and Technology 41: 261-272.
Panahyan, M., and Jamaati, S.H. 2009. Study of variation trend of growth indices in lentil under drought stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3: 4314-4326.
Pandy, R.K., Maranvill, J.W., and Chetima, M.M. 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment II. Shoot growth, nitrogen uptake and water extraction. Agricultural Water Management 46: 15-27.
Pannu, R.K., and Singh, D.P. 1993. Effect of irrigation on water use efficiency, growth and yield. I: mung bean. Field Crop Research 31: 87-100.
Pardo, A., Amato, M., and Chiaranda, F.Q. 2000. Relationships between soil structure, root distribution and water uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). European Journal of Agronomy 13 (1): 39-45.
Pirzad, A., Alyari, H., Shakiba, M.R., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., and Mohammadi, A. 2006. Essential oil content and composition of german Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) At different irrigation regimes. Agronomy 5 (3):451-455.
Pulleman, M.A., Jongmans, J., and Bouma, J. 2003. Effects of organic versus conventional arable farming on soil structure and organic matter dynamics in a marine loam in the Netherlands. Soil Use Manage 19: 157-165.
Rahnama Ghahfarkhani, A. 2003. Effect of drought stress at different growth stages and its impact on corn yield and quality. School of Agriculture Tehran University P. 150.
Sanchez-Rodrguez E., Rubio-Wilhelmi M., Cervilla L.M., Blasco B., Rios J.J., Rosales M.A., Romero L. and Ruiz J.M., 2010. Genotypic differences in some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress under moderate drought in tomato plants. Plant Science 178: 30–40.
Saxena, M.P., 2003. Management of Agricultural Drought: Agronomic and Genetic Options. Science Publishers INC.
Shabiri, S., Ghasemi golazani, K., Golchin, A., and Saba, J. 2007. Effect of limit water on growth and yield three chickpea cultivars in Zanjan. Journal Agriculture Science Nature Resource 14: 34-47.
Shao, H.B., Chu, L.Y., Jaleel, C.A. and Zhao, C.X. 2008. Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies 331: 215–225.
Sharafzadeh, S., and Zare, M. 2011. Effect of drought stress on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of some medicinal plants from Lamiaceae family. Advances in Environmental Biology 5 (8): 2058-2062.
Stone, P.J., Sorenson, J.B., and Reid, J.B. 1998. Effect of plant population and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of super sweet corn. Proc. Annual Conference Agronomy Society of New Zealand. 28: 1-5.
Stone, P.J., Wilson, D.R., Jamieson, P.D., and Gillespie, R.N. 2001. Water deficit effects on sweet corn. Part II. Canopy development. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52: 115-126.
Tavakoli, H., Karimi, M., and Mosavi, S.F. 1989. Effect of irrigation regimes on vegetative and reproductive components of corn. Iranian Journal Agriculture Science 22: 35-46.
Tesar, M.B. 1984. Physiological Basis of Crop Growth and Development. Published American Society of Agronomy USA pp 404.
Turgut, I., Bilgili, U., Duman, A., and Acikgoz, E. 2005. Effect of green manuring on the yield of sweet corn. Agronomy Sustainable Development 25:1-5.
Warman, P.R., and Termeer, W.C. 2005. Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of crops and soils. Bioresource Technology 96 (9): 1029-1038.
Xu, Z., Zhou, G., and Shimizu, H. 2009. Are plant growth and photosynthesis limited by pre-drought following rewatering in grass? Journal of Experimental Botany 60: 3737–3749.
Yeboah, S., Berchie, J.N., Asumadu, H., Agyeman, K., and Acheampong, P.P. 2014. Influenced of inorganic fertilizer productions on the growth and yield of tomatos (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 1(7): 499-506.
CAPTCHA Image