ارزیابی تحمل به یخ‌زدگی برخی گونه‌های آویشن (Thymus spp.) جهت کشت در فضای‌سبز

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی

2 دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

به‌منظور ارزیابی تحمل به یخ­زدگی گونه­های مختلف آویشن (Thymus spp.) دو آزمایش جداگانه در شرایط هوای آزاد و اتاقک انجماد در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی انجام شد. این آزمایش­ها به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح‌ کاملا تصادفی در شرایط اتاقک انجماد و فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در شرایط هوای آزاد اجرا شد. فاکتور اول شامل دما (10-، 20- و 30- درجه سانتی‌گراد) در شرایط اتاقک انجماد و زمان نمونه­برداری (آخر خرداد، آخر آذر و آخر بهمن ماه) و فاکتور دوم گونه­های آویشن (Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. and Hohen، T. pubescence Boiss & Kotschy ex Celak ،Ronniger T. fedtschenkoi، T. daenensis Jalas،  T. vulgaris L.و L. T. sepyllum) بود. درصد زنده‌مانی در شرایط اتاقک انجماد یک ماه بعد از قرار گرفتن در گلخانه و در هوای آزاد در 15 فروردین هر سال اندازه‌گیری شد. در دمای 20- درجه سانتی‌گراد بیشترین درصد زنده‌مانی به ترتیب در گونه‌های T. vulgaris و T. sepyllum  و کمترین آن در گونه T. pubescence مشاهده شد، ولی در 10- و 30- درجه سانتی‌گراد و شرایط هوای آزاد اختلاف معنی­داری بین گونه­ها مشاهده نشد. همچنین گونه‌های T. kotschyanus، T. vulgaris و T. sepyllum میزان نشت الکترولیت کمتر و گونه‌های T. vulgaris و T. kotschyanus میزان کلروفیل و پرولین برگ بیشتری را در بین گونه­ها داشتند. از لحاظ فعالیت آنزیم­های سوپر اکسید دسموتاز و آسکوربات پراکسیداز تفاوت معنی­داری بین گونه­ها مشاهده نشد، درحالی­که بیشترین فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز در گونه­های T. kotschyanus و T. sepyllum مشاهده شد. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده می‌توان استنباط کرد که گونه‌های T. vulgaris، T. sepyllum و T. kotschyanus تحمل بیشتری نسبت به تنش یخ‌زدگی دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Freezing Tolerance of Some Thyme (Thymus spp.) Species in Green Space

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hassan Maleki Lajayer 1
  • Hedayat Zakizadeh 2
  • Yousof Hamidoghli 2
  • Esmaeil Chamani 1
  • Mohammad Hassan Biglouei 2
1 University of Guilan
2 University of Guilan
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Only one-third of the total land area on earth is free of ice and 42% of land experiences temperatures below −20°C. Plants may or may not establish in extreme cold or hot temperatures, prolonged dry or wet soil conditions. For this reason, there is a growing demand for native plants in the landscape. Factors influencing plant selection include assessments of hardiness and aesthetics, ease of propagation and culture, naturalization potential. There is a high genetic variation in the flora of Iran, about 1810 of 8000 recorded taxons in Iran are native. So there is a great potential for using native plant in regions with harsh climates. The genus Thymus L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family, consist of about 215 species of herbaceous perennials and small shrubs in the world. They originated from Mediterranean region. This genus is presented in Iranian flora by 14 species .Overall, cold acclimation results in protection and stabilization of the integrity of cellular membranes, enhancement of the antioxidative mechanisms, increased intercellular sugar levels as well as accumulation of other cryoprotectants including polyamines that protect the intracellular proteins by inducing the genes encoding molecular chaperones. So, the aim of this study was to assess the freezing stress tolerance of some thyme species as ground covering species in landscaping projects
Material and Methods
Seeds of Theme species were sown in containers filled with sand, manure, field soil mixture and maintained in glasshouse. Then, the plants transferred to outdoor condition until the late May. At 24 hours before the end of the acclimation period, the plants irrigated and transferred in their containers to a freezing chamber with 3°C for subjection to freezing temperatures (-10, -20 and -30oC). The temperature reduced at the rate of 2°C per h, and after 1 hour at exposure to the freezing temperature, the containers with plants immediately transferred to growth chamber at 4oC for 24 hours to reduce the speed of ice melting and then returned to the glass. Survival rates, proline accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzymes activity were used to evaluate the freezing tolerance of species. For field experiment germinated seeds in container maintained in greenhouse until the environmental conditions were not limiting factor. After that, seedling planted in outdoor condition and subjected to Ardabil city freezing weather in 2 years. In early spring survival rate recorded. Moreover physiological and biochemical and physical responses of species were evaluated in 3 different times (June, December, February).
Results and Discussion
 Results showed that freezing stress adversely affects growth of theme species. There were 100% survival in all species under Ardebil outdoor condition (during two years), but under freezing chamber condition plant treated with -10oC and -30oC showed 100% and 0% survival, respectively. While in -20oC the highest survival rate were shown in T. vulgaris and T. sepyllum, but T. daenensis had the lowest. The lowest values of electrolyte leakage were related to T. sepyllum, T. kotschyanus, and T. vulgaris. The highest chlorophyll and proline content achieved in T. vulgaris and T. kotschyanus, respectively. Peroxidase antioxidant enzyme activity in T. kotschyanus and T. sepyllum were higher than other species. While there were no significant differences among the species in superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity. According to the results, it can be deduced that T. kotschyanus, T. vulgaris, and T. sepyllum are more frost tolerant than others. However, because of high survival percent in Ardabil climate and under -20oC, all species can be used as frost tolerant ground cover in landscapes.
 Conclusion
According to the results all of the studied thyme species are frost tolerant but T. sepyllum, T. kotschyanus, and T. vulgaris have the ability to withstand the harsh weather condition without a considerable loss in their ornamental potential.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Antioxidant enzymes
  • Chlorophyll
  • Electrolyte leakage
  • Native Plants
  • Proline
Acar, C., and Var, M. 2001. A study on the adaptations of some natural ground cover plants and on their implications in landscape architecture in the ecological conditions of Trabzon. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 25: 235-245.
Asadi-Sanam, S., Zavareh, M., Pirdashti, H., Sefidkon, F., and Nematzadeh, G. 2015. Biochemical and physiological response of Echinacea purpurea to freezing stress. Russina Journal of Plant Physiology 62: 515-523.
Barranco. D., and Ruiz, N. 2005. Frost tolerance of eight olive cultivars. Hortscience 40: 558-560.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., and Teare, I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress study. Plant and Soil 39: 205-207.
Chance, B., and Maehly, C. 1955. Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Methods in Enzymology 211: 764–775.
Folwer, D.B., Gusta, L., and Tyler, N.J. 1981. Selection for winter hardiness in wheat. Identification of genotypic variability. Crop Science 21: 896-901.
Ganalizadeh, M., Nezami, A., Izadi, A., and Parsa, M. 2013. Evaluation of freeze tolerance in Planation under controlled condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 13: 754-765. (In Persian with English Summery)
Ghani, A., Azizi, M., and Tehranifar, A. 2008. Evaluation of ornamental potential of Achilea Spp. In Mashhad Climate. Journal of Horticultural Science 23: 21-25. (In Persian with English Summery)
Giannopolitis, C.N., and Reis, S.K. 1997. Superoxide dismutase I. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiology 59: 309-314.
Haj-Mohammadnia, K., Nezami, A., and Kamandi, A. 2010. Evaluation the possibility of using electrolyte leakage in assessment of beet root plant tolerance to low temperature. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research 8: 135-141. (In Persian with English Summery)
Hana, B., and Bischofa, J.C. 2004. Direct cell injury associated with eutectic crystallization during freezing. Cryobiology 48: 8-21.
Jing-Hua, Y., Gao, Y., Li, Y.M., Qi, X.H., and Zhang, M.F. 2008. Salicylic acid-induced enhancement of cold tolerance through activation of antioxidative capacity in watermelon. Scientia Horticulturae 118: 200–205.
Jeannine, C. 2007. Chilling and freezing stress in live oaks intra- and inter-specific variation in PS II sensitivity corresponds to latitude of origin. DOI 10.1007/s11120-007-9215-8.
John, C. 1999. Low temperature tolerance of blackcurrant flower. Hort Science 34: 855–859.
Khalil, M., Bhat, N.R., Abdal, M.S., Grina, R., Al-Mula, L., Aldusary, S., Bellen, R., Cruz, R., D' Cruz, G., George, J., and Christopher, A. 2006. Evaluating the suitability of groundcovers in the arid environment of Kuwait. European Journal of Scientific Research 15: 412-419.
Li, R., Qu, R., Bauneau, A., and Livingston, H. 2010. Selection for freezing tolerance in St. Agostingrass through somacolonal variation germplasm evaluation. Plant Breeding 129: 417-421.
Minguez-Mosquera, M.I., and Perez-Galvez, A. 1998. Color quality in Paprika oleoresins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46: 5124-5127.
Nakano, Y., and Asada, K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology 22: 867-880.
Nezami, A., Borzooei, A., Jahani, M., Azizi, M., and Sharif, A. 2007. Electrolyte leakage as an indicator of freezing damage to Rapeseed. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research 5:167-175. (In Persian with English Summery)
Pirbalouti, A.G., Bistghani, Z.E., and Malekpoor F. 2015. An overview on genus Thymus. Journal of Herbal Drug 6: 93-100.
Rapacz, M., Sasal, M., and Wo´jcik-Jagła, M. 2015. Direct and indirect measurements of freezing tolerance: advantages and limitations. Acta Physiology Plant 37: 157-165.
Rashed, M.H., Nezami, A., Bagheri, A., Hajmohamadnia, K., and Bannayan, M. 2009. M Evaluation of freezing Tolerance of Two Fennel (Foeniculum vulgar L.) Ecotypes under Controlled Conditions. Journal of Herbs Spices and Medicinal Plants 15: 131-140.
Shooshtarian, S., Salehi, H., and Tehranifar, A. 2011. Investigation of growth and development of 10 ground cover plant in Kish landscape during hot weather. Journal of Agroecology 3: 514-524. (In Persian with English Summery)
Szabados. L., and Savoure, A. 2009. Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trend in Plant Science 15: 89-97.
Zsuzsanna, P., and Dora, S. 2016. Effects of different factors influencing the essential oil properties of Thymus vulgaris. Plant Science Today 3: 312-326.
CAPTCHA Image