Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Green Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

Shahrekord University

Abstract

Introduction
Despite the notable application of chemical drugs, medicinal plants and drugs that extracted from them widely has been used, so that in some countries they are integral components of remedy Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the major essential oils producing species. Although the applications of different sources of manures have been shown the significant effects on yield and the quality of agricultural products, but overusing of chemical fertilizers in crop production resulted in numerous problems such as contamination of groundwater, nitrate accumulation and heavy metal toxicity. In many cases, the application of expensive chemical fertilizers causes environmental pollution and ecological damages that lead to the increase in cost of production.
Materials and methods
In order to evaluate the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth and performance of green basil, an experiment was conducted, is based on randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in the research farm of Agricultural College, Shahrekord University in 2014. Treatments were included NP (N + P), NPS (N + P + S), NPM (N + P + micronutrients), NPSM (N + P + S + micronutrients), CMp (cattle manure based on phosphorus), CMn (cattle manure based on the nitrogen), BLp (broiler litter based on phosphorus) and BLn (broiler litter based on the nitrogen), respectively. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, fresh yield, stem fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, aboveground dry weight were measured. All data were analyzed with SAS software. Significant differences between individual means were determined using Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD) test (P≤ 0.05).
Results and discussion
The results showed that the effect of different sources of fertilizer on plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, fresh yield, stem fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stems dry weight, aboveground dry weight were significant at 1% probability. The greatest amount of above mentioned traits were obtained from the second harvest of basil. The highest leaf area index was 5.7 which was two times more than leaf area index in the first harvest. The highest fresh weight (14576 kg/ha) was achieved with broiler litter in the second harvest. In general, BLn treatment produced the highest yield, stem fresh weight and leaf fresh weight in the first harvest (10111, 372 and 639 kg/ha, respectively) and second harvest (14577, 535 and 992 kg/ha, respectively). It seems that organic manures included much of mineral nutrient required for plant growth and richness with macro elements and less than micro elements can improve nutritional status of soil. Similar results for positive effect of organic manures specially poultry manure on enhancement of basil height, increase in dry weight of chamomile, augmentation in dry weight of lemon balm and enhancement in dry weight of aerial parts of pepper with application of vermicompost has been reported. In another experiment for determination of sorghum bicolor yield reported that application of 5-15 ton per hectare poultry manure can improve 5 times in compared to control treatment. Also the experiment was conducted to determine the cotton yield results showed that poultry manure at the rate of 20 tons per hectare produced the highest cotton yield.
Conclusion
The positive effects of broiler litter in basil plant production indicated that soil amendment with broiler litter based on the nitrogen can be created suitable conditions for appropriate growth and production of basil and its effect also more than the complete chemical nutrition of plant.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank, Shahrekord University, Iran for the financial support of the project.

Keywords


Adediran, J.A., Taiwo, L.B., Akande, M.O., Sobulo, R.A., and Idowu, O.J. 2004. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize and cowpea yields in Nigeria. Journal of Plant Nutrition 27: 1163-1181.
Ahmadian, A., Ghanbari, A., and Galavi, M. 2009. The interaction effect of water stress and animal manure on yield components, essential oil and chemical compositions of Cuminum cyminum. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 40(1): 173-180. (In Persian with English Summary)
Azeez, J.O., Van Averbeke, W., and Okorogbona, A.O.M. 2010. Differential responses in yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) to the application of three animal manures. Bioresource Technology 101: 2499-2505.
Chalchat, J.C., and Ozcan, M.M. 2008. Comparative essential oil composition of flowers, leaves and stems of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) used as herb. Food Chemistry 110: 501-503.
Daneshian, A., Gurbuz, B., Cosge, B., and Ipek, A. 2009. Chemical components of essential oils from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown a different nitrogen levels. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences 3(3): 08-12.
Delate, K. 2000. Heenah mahyah student from herb trail. Leopold center for sustainable agriculture. Annual Reports, Jowa State University. Ames, IA.
DjilaniGhemam, A., and Senoussi, M.M. 2013. Influence of organic manure on the vegetative growth and tuber production of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. varspunta) in a Sahara desert region. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 22: 2724-2731.
Emad, M. 2008. Identification of Medicinal, Industrial, Forest and the Pasture Plants, and their Use Cases. Volume I, Publications Rural Development. Serdang 43400 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia.
Eppendorfer, W.H. and B.O. Eggum, 1994. Effects of sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and water stress on dietary fibre fractions, starch, amino acids and on the biological value of potato protein. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 45: 299-313.
Ewulo, B.S. 2005. Effect of poultry dung and cattle manure on chemical properties of clay and sandy clay loam soil. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 4(10): 839-841.
Fallah, S. 2016. Fundamental of Sustainable Agriculture. Shahrekord University Press, Shahrekord, Iran 169 pp. (In Persian)
Fallah, S., Ghalavand, A., and Khajehpoor, M. 2007. Effects of incorporation methods of manure with soil and its integration with chemical fertilizer on yield and yield component of grain corn (Zea mays L.) in Khoram-Abad Lorestan. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 40: 233-242. (In Persian with English Summary)
Fallah, S., Ghalavand, A., Samar, S.M., and Yadavi, A. 2013. Effect of broiler litter and mixing it with soil on corn`s nutrient concentrations. Journal of Agronomy 24: 40-47
Fallahi, J. 2009. The effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of chamomile German. Master's thesis Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. )In Persian with English Summary)
Ghost, B.C., and Bhat, R. 1998. Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields. Environmental Pollution 102: 123-126.
Hallaj Nia, A., Haghnia, G.H., Fotovat, A., and Khorasani, R. 2006. The effect of organic matter on phosphorus in calcareous soils. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4: 121-132. (In Persian with English Summary)
Houshyarifard, M., and Qaranchik, A. 2009. The effect of manure type and amount of the incidence and severity of major diseases, yield and yield components of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Crop Sciences 11(3): 247-238. (In Persian with English Summary)
Hrivna, L., Richter, R., Losak, T., and Hlusek, J. 2002. Effect of increasing doses of nitrogen and sulphur on chemical composition of plants, yields and seed quality in winter rape. Rostlinna Vyroba 48: 1-6.
Kandeel, A.M., Naglaa, S.A.T., and Sadek, A.A. 2002. Effect of biofertilizers on the growth, volatile oil yield and chemical composition of Ocimum basilicum L. plant. Annals. Journal of Agricultural Science Cairo 1: 351-371 (In Arabic with English Summary)
Khalid, A.K., Hendawy, S.F., and El-Gezawy, E. 2006. Ocimum basilicum L. production under organic farming. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 2(1): 25-32.
Kolata, E., Beresniiewicz, A., Krezel, J., Nowosielshi, L., and Slow, O. 1992. Slow release fertlizers on organic carriers as the source of N for vegetable crops production in the open field. Acta-Horticaulhtre 339: 241-249.
Mahattanatawee, K., and Russell, L.R. 2004. Comparison of aroma active and sulfur volatiles in three fragrant rice cultivars using GC–Olfactometry and GC–PFPD. Food Chemistry 154: 1-6.
Majidyan, M., Qlavnd, A., Karymyan, N., and Kamkar Haghighi, A.A. 2008. Effects of water stress, nitrogen fertilizer, manure and integrated nitrogen and manure on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of maize single cross 704. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 45: 432-417. (In Persian with English Summary)
Makkizadeh, M., Nasrollahzadeh, S., Zehtab Salmasi, S., Chaichi, M., and Khavazi, K. 2011. The effect of organic, biologic and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of sustainable Agricultural and production Science 22(1): 2-12. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mao, J., Olk, D.C., Fang, X., He, Z., and Schmidt-Rohr, K. 2008. Influence of animal manure application on the chemical structures of soil organic matter as investigated by advanced solid-state NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Geoderma 146: 353-362.
Mirhashemi, S.M., Koochaki, A., Parsa, M., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2009. Evaluating the benfit of ajowan and fenugreek intercropping in different levels of manure and planting pattern. Iranian Journal of Agronomy Research 7(1): 269-279. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mohajerani Milani, C., and Sistani, S. 1989. Effects of sulfur and potassium on the quantity and quality of hay in Qazvin. Journal of Soil and Water 5(2): 84-109. (In Persian with English Summary)
Moradi, R. 2009. The effects of biological and organic fertilizers on yield and yield components and the quantity and quality of essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). MSc thesis of Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Murty, M.G., and Ladha, J.K. 1988 .Influence of Azospirillum inoculation on the mineral uptake and growth of rice under hydroponic conditions. Plant and Soil 108: 281-285.
Prakash, V. 1990. Leafy Spices. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla 114 p.
Renato, Y., Ferreira, M.E., Cruz, M.C., and Barbosa, J.C. 2003. Organic matter fractions and soil fertility under influence of liming, vermicopmpost and cattle manure. Bioresource Technology 60: 59-63.
Robin, A., Szmidt, R.A.K., and Dickson, W. 2001. Use of Compost in Agriculture, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). Remade Scotland p. 324-336.
Sameni, M., and Kasraian A. 2004. Effect of agricultural sulfur on characteristics of different calcareous soils from dry regions of Iran. I. Disintegration rate of agricultural sulfur and its effects on chemical properties of the soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35: 1219-1234.
Sanches Govin, E., Rodrigues Gonzales, H., Carballo Guerra, C., and Milanes Figueredo, M. 2005. Influencia de los abonos organicosy biofertilizantes en la calidad de las especies medicinales Calendula officinalis L. y Matricaria recutita L. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales 10: 1-8.
Tahami Zarandi, S.M.K., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Jahan, M. 2010. Comparing the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and content essential oil of basil (Basilicum Ocimum L.). Journal of Agroecology 2(1): 63-74. (In Persian with English Summary)
Toor, R.K., Savage, G.P., and Heeb, A. 2006. Influence of different type of fertilizers on the major antioxidant component of tomatoes. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19: 20-27.
UL-Hassan, F., Hakim, S.A., Manaf, A., Qadir, G.H., and Ahmad, S. 2007. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sulphur and seasonal variations. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 9: 499-503.
CAPTCHA Image