اثر سطوح مختلف ورمی‌کمپوست و کود شیمیایی بر برخی صفات کمّی و کیفی سه رقم ذرت (Zea mays L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان کردستان، سنندج، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی اثر مقادیر کودهای ورمی‌کمپوست و شیمیایی بر برخی صفات کمّی و کیفی سه رقم ذرت، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1401در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی گریزه سنندج اجرا شد. پنج سطح مختلف کود شامل شاهد (عدم مصرف کود)، 5 تن ورمی‌کمپوست در هکتار، 75/3 تن ورمی‌کمپوست در هکتار + 25 درصد کود شیمیایی توصیه‌شده، 5/2 تن ورمی‌کمپوست در هکتار + 50 درصد کود شیمیایی توصیه‌شده، و 100 درصد کود شیمیایی توصیه‌شده (150 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار + 200 کیلوگرم سوپرفسفات در هکتار + 50 کیلوگرم سولفات پتاسیم در هکتار) به کرت‌های اصلی و سه رقم ذرت شامل SC 704، ZP 600 و والبوم به کرت‌های فرعی اختصاص یافتند. بیشترین مقادیر نیتروژن، فسفر، روغن، نشاسته و عملکرد دانه در تیمار 5/2 تن ورمی‌کمپوست در هکتار + 50 درصد کود شیمیایی توصیه‌شده مشاهده گردید. در بین ارقام مورد مطالعه، از نظر عملکرد دانه و علوفه تفاوت معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد، ولی میزان روغن و نشاسته دانه در رقم SC 704 بیشتر از سایر ارقام بود. بیشترین درصد و عملکرد پروتئین علوفه سیلویی در تیمار 100 درصد کود شیمیایی توصیه‌شده به‌دست آمد. علاوه‌براین، بالاترین درصد خاکستر علوفه سیلویی و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی در تیمار 5/2 تن ورمی‌کمپوست در هکتار + 50 درصد کود شیمیایی توصیه‌شده حاصل گردید. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که تیمار 5/2 تن ورمی‌کمپوست در هکتار + 50 درصد کود شیمیایی توصیه‌شده از لحاظ اکثر صفات مرتبط با کیفیت و عملکرد دانه و علوفه نسبت به سایر تیمارهای کودی برتری داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Different Levels of Vermicompost and Chemical Fertilizer on some Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Three Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Akbari 1
  • Gholamreza Heidari 1
  • Shiva Khalesro 1
  • Mohammad Majidi 2
1 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandajm, Iran
2 Agricultural Jihad Organization of Kurdistan Province, Sanandaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Maize is a primary source of food for humans, livestock and industrial purposes. Silage maize is a crucial feed crop on livestock farms worldwide, primarily used to enhance livestock productivity and performance. The high utilization of maize for silage is attributed to its substantial green fodder mass production, high energy content in dry matter, quality biomass, low buffering capacity, and high soluble carbohydrate levels. However, improper use of chemical fertilizers in maize cultivation has led to soil and environment pollution and soil quality degradation. Continuous use of these fertilizers can result in soil toxicity and deficiencies in essential macro and micronutrients. Sustainable agriculture aims to reduce chemical fertilizer usage and enhance soil nutrient cycling by substituting chemical inputs with organic fertilizers, thereby increasing yield per unit area and improving agricultural product quality. Vermicompost, an organic fertilizer, enhances elements absorption by crops by increasing root cell membrane permeability, stimulating root growth, and promoting root hair proliferation. This experiment aimed to investigate the response of maize cultivars to different levels of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers to optimize crop nutrition management and reduce chemical fertilizers consumption, supporting sustainable agriculture.
 
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted at the Grizeh Agricultural Jihad Organization farm in Kurdistan Province during the 2022 cropping season. The experiment was designed as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included different fertilizer levels: Control (no fertilizer), vermicompost at 5 ton.ha-1, vermicompost at 3.75 ton.ha-1 + 25% recommended chemical fertilizer, vermicompost at 2.5 ton.ha-1 + 50% recommended chemical fertilizer, and 100% recommended chemical fertilizer (150 kg.ha-1 of urea + 200 kg.ha-1 of superphosphate + 50 kg.ha-1 of potassium sulfate). The subfactor included three maize cultivars: SC 704 (120 days, mid-ripe), ZP 600 (110-120 days, mid-ripe) and Album (90-95 days, early). Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software, and mean comparisons were made using the LSD test. Graphs were created using Excel software.
 
Results and Discussion
Results showed that the highest contents of grain nitrogen, phosphorus, oil and starch were observed in the treatment of 2.5 tons of vermicompost per hectare + 50% of the recommended chemical fertilizer. The highest grain yield (8.85 ton.ha-1) and dry forage yield (20.24 ton.ha-1) were also observed in this treatment. The highest amount of silage fodder protein content was obtained from the treatment of 100% recommended chemical fertilizer. The highest forage protein yield was observed in the treatment with 100% of the recommended chemical fertilizer which did not show a significant difference compared to the treatment with a combined application of 2.5 tons of vermicompost per hectare + 50% of the recommended chemical fertilizer. Additionally, the highest percentage of silage fodder ash and neutral detergent fibers were found in the treatment of 2.5 tons of vermicompost per hectare + 50% of the recommended chemical fertilizer. No significant difference was observed between the studied cultivars in terms of grain and forage yield; however, the grain oil and starch content in the SC 704 cultivar was higher than in the other cultivars studied. Among the reasons for the increase in grain and forage yield in the integrated treatments of chemical fertilizer and vermicompost, we can mention the greater compatibility between available soil nitrogen and plant needs in integrated levels. So that at the beginning of growth, when the nutritional requirement is low, the amount of inorganic nitrogen in organic fertilizers is lower than that of chemical fertilizers, but in the stages of reproductive growth, due to the continuation of the mineralization process, absorption continues for a longer period of time.
 
Conclusion
The combined fertilizer treatment of 2.5 tons of vermicompost per hectare + 50% of the recommended chemical fertilizer was superior to other fertilizer treatments concerning most traits related to the quality and yield of maize grain and forage. In general, the use of organic manures such as vermicompost, while significantly reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers, can reduce the harmful environmental effects caused by their use.



 
 



 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crude protein
  • Grain starch
  • Neutral insoluble fibers
  • Organic matter
 

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

 

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 13 مرداد 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 05 آذر 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 06 آذر 1403
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