استفاده از تکنیک‌های آماری چندمتغیره در تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر کارآیی مصرف آب ذرت دانه‎ای (Zea mays L.) در شرایط کاربرد هم‌زمان نیتروژن و نهاده‎های بوم‎سازگار

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد، گناباد، ایران

3 مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد، گناباد، ایران.

4 گروه اگرواکولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

به‎منظور بررسی اثر کاربرد هم‌زمان نیتروژن و نهاده‎های بوم‎سازگار در سطوح مختلف آبیاری و تعیین عامل‎های مؤثر بر کارآیی مصرف آب ذرت دانه‎ای (Zea mays L.)، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1395- 1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به‎صورت کرت‎های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه‎ی بلوک‎های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. سطوح آبیاری در دو سطح (50 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی) در کرت‎های اصلی و تیمارهای تغذیه‎ای در پنج سطح (1- نیتروژن خالص + سوپرجاذب رطوبت، 2- سوپرجاذب رطوبت + هیومیک اسید + سالیسیلیک اسید، 3- هیومیک اسید + سالیسیلیک اسید + نیتروژن خالص، 4- هیومیک اسید + سالیسیلیک اسید + نیتروژن خالص + سوپرجاذب رطوبت و 5- شاهد) در کرت‎های فرعی قرار گرفتند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که اگر چه کاربرد کلیه‎ تیمارهای تغذیه‎ای در بهبود کارآیی مصرف آب مؤثر بود، ولی در هر دو شرایط 50 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی بیشترین کارآیی مصرف آب در تیمار کاربرد هم‌زمان نیتروژن، سوپرجاذب، هیومیک اسید و سالیسیلیک اسید به‌دست آمد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (17542 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار کاربرد هم‌زمان نیتروژن، سوپرجاذب، هیومیک اسید و سالیسیلیک اسید و تأمین 100 درصد نیاز آبی و کمترین عملکرد دانه (12515 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در شاهد و تأمین 50 درصد نیاز آبی به‌دست آمد. با توجه به نتایج تجزیه‎ عاملی، متغیرها به دو عامل تجزیه شدند. عامل اول 59 درصد از واریانس متغیرها را تبیین کرد. متغیرهای عملکرد دانه، عملکرد ماده‎ی خشک، ارتفاع بوته، شاخص سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول و نیتروژن، فسفر و پی‎اچ خاک روی عامل اول و متغیرهای وزن دانه در بوته، شوری خاک و کارآیی مصرف آب روی عامل دوم بیشترین بار را داشتند. در عامل اول، متغیرهای مهمی نظیر عملکرد دانه و عملکرد ماده‎ خشک و خصوصیات رشدی قرار گرفتند، بنابراین می‎توان این عامل را توصیف‎کننده‎ عملکرد و عامل دوم که دارای بیشترین بار روی کارآیی مصرف آب بود، عامل کارآیی مصرف آب نامید. به‎طور کلی، با توجه به یافته‎های این پژوهش، به‎نظر می‎رسد که کاربرد هم‌زمان نیتروژن و نهاده‎های بوم‎سازگار ضمن بهبود عملکرد و خصوصیات رشدی گیاه، می‎تواند کارآیی مصرف آب را بهبود بخشد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Application of Multivariate Statistical Techniques for Determining of Affecting Factors in Water Use Efficiency of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Conditions of Simultaneous Application of Nitrogen and Ecofriendly Inputs

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Jahan 1
  • Mohamad Behzad Amiri 2
  • Milad Saleh Ababdi 3
  • Negar Naseri 3
  • sedighe Abbasi 4
1 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gonabad,Gonabad, Iran.
3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran.
4 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Water stress is one of the most important factors in reducing the yield of agricultural products worldwide. If the stress is intensive and continuous, plant growth and productivity are severely diminished. 
Water superabsorbent polymer can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to its own mass. They have a wide range of applications because of their high water absorbing capacity, biodegradability and low cost.
Humic acid is an organic compound that is derived from the decomposition of organic matter and contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. This acid plays a key role in increasing the fertility of the soil and feeding the plant when added to the plant, in helps to increase its growth through its effect to photosynthesis, respiration, increase the plants resistance to harsh environmental conditions and stimulates many of the vital interactions within the plant.
Salicylic acid, a naturally occurring plant hormone, acts as an important signaling molecule and enhances tolerance of treated plants against biotic stresses. Salicylic acid also has a vital role in plant growth, ion uptake, and nutrient transport within the plant.
Factor analysis is a technique that is used to reduce a large number of variables into fewer numbers of factors. This technique extracts maximum common variance from all variables and puts them into a common score.
 Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the effects of different irrigation levels and nutritional treatments and determining factors affecting water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.), a split plots experiment based on RCBD design with three replications was conducted during 2015-16 growing season, at Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Irrigation levels in two levels (50 and 100% of water requirement) and nutritional treatments in five levels (1- Nitrogen+Superabsorbent, 2- Superabsorbent+Humic acid+Salicylic acid, 3- Humic acid+Salicylic acid+Nitrogen, 4- Humic acid+ Salicylic acid+Nitrogen+Superabsorbent and 5- Control) assigned to main and sub plots, respectively.
 Results and Discussion
The results showed that all of the nutritional treatments affected water use efficiency, but in both conditions of 50 and 100% of water requirement, the highest water use efficiency were obtained in treatment of Humic acid+Salicylic acid+Nitrogen+Superabsorbent. The highest seed yield (17542 kg.ha-1) observed in treatment of nitrogen+superabsorbent+humic acid+Salicylic acid and supply 100% of water requirement and the lowest seed yield (12515 kg.ha-1) obtained in treatment of control and supply 50% of water requirement. Factor analysis results showed that variables analyzed to two factors. First factor included 51% of variables variance, respectively. First factor included variables of seed yield, biological yield, plant height, leaf area index, crop growth rate and soil nitrogen, phosphorous and pH and variables of seed weight per plant, soil EC and water use efficiency were in second factor. In first factor, important variables such as soil nitrogen, phosphorous were included, so this factor describe soil conditions and second factor which had the highest impact on water use efficiency was called as water use efficiency factor. In a research reported that application of water superabsorbent increased seed yield of maize compared to control. In another research, the highest seed yield of maize obtained in treatment of simultaneous application of 120 kg.ha-1 water superabsorbent and 8 kg.ha-1 humic acid. Application of salicylic acid and humic acid enhanced seed yield of maize 24.5 and 24.2% compared to control, respectively.
 
Conclusion
In general, based on results of this research, it seems simultaneous application of nitrogen and ecological inputs can improve yield, growth characteristics and water use efficiency. Factor analysis and high correlation among variables in same group showed that with change of variables that are in same group of water use efficiency, can increased water use efficiency and decreased damages of drought stress.
 Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
 

 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought Stress
  • Factor Analysis
  • Humic Acid
  • Salicylic Acid
  • Superabsorbent
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