بهینه سازی مصرف کود و تعیین کارایی مصرف نیتروژن در زراعت نیشکر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 فردوسی مشهد

2 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

در سال های اخیر، کشاورزان برای رسیدن به حداکثر محصول، تمایل زیادی به مصرف انواع کودهای شیمیایی از جمله کودهای نیتروژن دار از خود نشان داده اند. این نگرش مشکلاتی از قبیل آلودگی محیط زیست، پایین آمدن کیفیت و سلامت محصولات را به همره داشته است. بهبودکارایی بازیافت نیتروژن(NRE) و کارایی زراعی نیتروژن (NAE) از عوامل اصلی کشاورزی پایدار بوده و از دیدگاه اقتصادی و زیست محیطی بسیار حائز اهمیت هستند. به منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن از منبع اوره و تعداد تقسیط آن بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی و هم چنین ارزیابی کارایی این کود در گیاه نیشکر، آزمایشی در سال 1394 به صورت کرت های یک بار خُرد شده در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی در قطعه ای 25 هکتاری از مزارع کشت جدید(Plant) نیشکر با واریته CP69-1062 در اراضی کشت و صنعت نیشکر امام خمینی(ره) شهرستان شوشتر انجام شد. فاکتور اصلی سطوح مختلف کود با پنج مقدار کاربرد نیتروژن( صفر، 100 ، 150 ، 200 و 250 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار) بود که در دو سطح تقسیط سه و چهار قسط(سطوح فرعی) در سه تکرار اعمال شد. اولین قسط نیتروژن در 20 فروردین ماه داده شد و برای تیمار سه قسط به فواصل هر 45 روز یکبار و برای تیمار چهار قسط به فواصل هر 30 روز یکبار، کود نیتروژن دار با آب آبیاری مخلوط و مصرف گردید. پایان زمان کوددهی برای همه تیمارها 20 تیرماه بود. تیمارهای کودی مختلف اختلاف معنی داری از نظر کارایی بازیافت، کارایی زراعی و بهره وری جزیی نیتروژن نشان داده و با افزایش مصرف نیتروژن، کاهش پیدا کرده اند. بر اساس یافته های این تحقیق مقادیر مختلف کاربرد نیتروژن اختلاف معنی داری در سطح یک درصد داشتند. تیمار 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار با حدود 134 تُن ساقه نیشکر در هکتار و 53/14 تُن شکر در هکتار، بهترین تیمار از نظر عملکرد می باشد. کارایی بازیافت نیتروژن در این تیمار نسبتاً مناسب و حدود 57 درصد می باشد. هم چنین کارایی زراعی آن حدود 8/385 کیلوگرم ساقه و 37/40 کیلوگرم شکر برای هر کیلوگرم نیتروژن مصرفی می باشد. میزان بهره وری جزیی نیتروژن در این تیمار 24/893 کیلوگرم ساقه و 89/96 کیلوگرم شکر به ازای هر کیلوگرم نیتروژن مصرفی می باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Optimization of Fertilizer Use and Determination of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Sugarcane

نویسندگان [English]

  • jafar alekasir 1
  • M nasiri mahallati 2
  • A Koocheki 2
  • P Rezvani moghaddam 2
1 mashhad
چکیده [English]

Introduction
In recent years, farmers have shown a high tendency towards using different types of chemical fertilizers, including nitrogen, to reach the maximum crop yield. This attitude is le to problems such as environmental pollution, reducing the quality and lowering health of the agricultural products. In addition it is strongly evidenced that use efficiency of applied nitrogen will be reduced with increasing fertilizer rate. To achieve high cane yields application of nitrogen fertilizer in sugarcane cultivation is absolutely necessary and inevitable. However, use efficiency of applied nitrogen in sugarcane production areas of Iran is not fully investigated. In this research nitrogen uptake, utilization and use efficiency of sugarcane is studied under different rates and methods of fertilizer application.

Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at one of the sugarcane fields in the Imam Khomeini Agro-industrial Complex located in Shushtar city, Khuzestan province in 2014-2015. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Five levels of nitrogen application rate`( 0 , 100 , 150 , 200 , 250 kg N ha-1 ) were assigned to the main plots and two fertilizer splitting methods (splitting to three and four portions) were allocated to sub plots. Nitrogen fertilizer was mixed with irrigation water. Every two weeks, whole sugarcane plant in each plot was cut and weighted after drying. Dry matter yield of aboveground organs and nitrogen content of the whole plant was measured in a composite sample taken from the harvested crop. In order to study the nitrogen efficiency, its components including Nitrogen Apparent Recovery Efficiency (NARE), Nitrogen Physiological Efficiency (NPE), Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (NAE) and Nitrogen Partial Factor Productivity (NPFP) were calculated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at probability level of 5% .

Results and Discussion
Nitrogen application rates were significantly different in terms of NARE, NAE and NPFP, so that these indices decreased with increasing nitrogen level. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in comparison with unfertilized control caused an increase of about 44% in sugarcane yield. Increasing the number of fertilizer splits had no significant effect on sugarcane yield. Increasing nitrogen application rate resulted in a significant reduction in NARE of sugarcane, but NAE was increased significantly with increasing the number of fertilizer splits. Application of nitrogen in comparison to control increased the dry matter yield by 20.5 ton per hectare (up to 41%). NARE and NAE on the basis of dry matter yield were decreased with increasing nitrogen rates. The same results was obtained when NARE and NAE were calculated for sugar yield.

Conclusion
Application of 150 kg N per hectare with 134 tons cane yield and 14.53 tons sugar yield per hectare can be recommended as the nitrogen application arte considering economic issues. The NARE of this level of nitrogen was reasonably good and about 57%. Furthermore, its NARE, was 385.8 kg for cane and 40.37 kg of sugar, per kg of applied nitrogen. Applying this amount of nitrogen NPFP of 893.28 kg cane and 96.99 kg of sugar per kg of nitrogen could be achieved. Further investigations on the environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilizers in sugarcane production systems of Iran are required.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cane yield
  • Nitrogen agronomic efficiency
  • Nitrogen recovery efficiency
  • Sugarcane
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انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 0-727 فروردین 2
  • تاریخ دریافت: 22 آذر 1396
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 22 آذر 1396
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 22 آذر 1396