اثر سطوح کم‌آبیاری بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت (Zea mays L.) سینگل کراس 704 تحت تأثیرکاربرد کاهنده‌های تعرق

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشـگاه آزاد اسـلامی، واحـد ایلام، ایران

چکیده

این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر مصرف جیبرلین و مواد کاهنده تعرق بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت (Zea mays L.) تحت تنش رطوبتی، به‌صورت اسپلیت- فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سال 1396 در شهرستان مهران استان ایلام انجام شد. فاکتور اصلی شامل سه سطح کم­آبیاری (آبیاری نرمال (معادل 40 میلی­متر تبخیر تجمعی از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) به‌عنوان شاهد و 60 و 80 میلی­متر تبخیر تجمعی از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) و فاکتور فرعی شامل هشت حالت مصرف جیبرلین (با غلظت 100 پی­پی­ام)، و عدم مصرف جیبرلین در چهار سطح مصرف کاهنده­های تعرق شامل اسید سالسیلیک (با غلظت 5/0 میلی­مولار)، اسید آسکوربیک (120 میلی­گرم در لیتر) و پاکلوبوترازول (50 پی­پی­ام) و شاهد (محلول­پاشی با آب مقطر) در مرحله شش تا هشت‌برگی بود. نتایج نشان داد که بین سطوح مختلف کم­آبیاری از نظرصفات عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در بلال، شاخص سطح برگ و محتوای نسبی آب برگ تفاوت معنی­داری در سطح احتمال یک درصد وجود داشت. خشکی سبب کاهش عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد، شاخص سطح برگ و محتوای نسبی آب برگ شد و مصرف جیبرلین و کاهنده­های تعرق باعث بهبود صفات مورد نظر گردید. همچنین مصرف کاهنده­های تعرق روی عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در بلال و شاخص سطح برگ دارای اثر معنی‌داری در سطح احتمال یک درصد و بر محتوی نسبی آب برگ اثر معنی‌داری در سطح احتمال پنج درصد داشت. بیشترین میزان عملکرد دانه (6/11111 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در شرایط آبیاری نرمال تحت محلول‌پاشی جیبرلین و اسید سالیسیلیک و کمترین میزان عملکرد دانه (6/6420 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در شرایط تنش 80 میلی­متر و بدون استفاده از جیبرلین و کاهنده­های تعرق به­دست آمد. به‌طور کلی، کاربرد خارجی این ترکیبات می­تواند مقاومت گیاه را نسبت به تنش­های غیرزنده افزایش دهد. بنابراین، کاربرد تلفیقی این ترکیبات راهکاری جهت رسیدن به ثبات عملکرد در تنش خشکی و کاهش مصرف آب می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Simultaneous Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Transpiration Reducer on Yield and Yield Components of Corn Single Cross 704 (Zea mays L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Hayati
  • Abbas Maleki
  • Afshin Mozafari
  • Farzad Babae
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Ilam Branch, Ilam, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Corn plant (Zea mays L.) is the main source of energy and has a vital role for birds feeding. Thus, increasing cultivation area and yield improvement are very important. Corn may be highly productive even in winter season in many locations due to its adaptability. Silage of maize is a good source of energy and food for animals and can produce more energy compare to other forages. Drought stress is one of the important factors that limits crop growth in arid and semi-arid environments and imposes a detrimental effect on maize yield. Drought stress imposes many different biochemical and physiological responses in plants. Studies have shown that water stress would directly and indirectly affect the maize yield.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted as split plot based on complete block design with three replications, in 2017 (1396) in Mehran town in southwest of Ilam, which characters an arid and semi-arid climate. Main factor included of three levels of irrigation (equivalent of 40 mm (Normal), 60 mm and 80 mm of accumulated evapotranspiration of class A pan evaporation). Sub-plots included: 8 different levels of gibberellin application (100 ppm), no application of gibberellin but 4 levels of transpiration reducer including Salicyclic acid (0.5 molar concentration) ascorbic acid (120 mg.l-1), paclobutrazol (50 ppm) and control which was pure water. All treatments imposed at 6-8 leaf stage of plant growth. Each plot consisted of 6 cultivation rows with 4 m length and 0.75 m between rows and 0.20 m within rows distances. Distance between blocks was 3 m and sowing depth was 3-5 cm. Fertilizer requirement was calculated based on soil analysis. Therefore 160 kg.ha-1 of Super phosphate triple, and 100kg.ha-1 urea were applied at sowing and when crops were at 10 leaf stage, before tasseling, 200 kg.ha-1 urea was applied again. 
Results and Discussion
Irrigation levels showed a significant difference (P≤0.01) effect on grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 1000-grain weight, grain number per ear, leaf area index, and relative leaf water content. ANOVA results showed that gibberellin had significant (P≤0.05) effect on biological yield. Transpiration reducer also showed significant (P≤0.05) effects on grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 1000-grain weight, grain number per ear, leaf area index, and leaf water content. Interactive effects of drought stress and transpiration reducer was also significant (P≤0.01) on grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Triple interaction significantly (P≤0.01) affect grain yield and harvest index. The highest seed yield under normal irrigation conditions was obtained by simultaneous application of gibberellin and salicylic acid (11.11 t.ha-1). Also, the lowest seed yield was obtained under 80 mm irrigation stress without gibberellin and transpiration reducers (6.42 t.ha-1). Drought stress reduced grain yield compared to normal irrigation treatment. The lowest protein content was under normal irrigation conditions (0.092) and the highest amount was under 80 mm stress conditions (0.1). The highest accumulation of soluble sugars was in 80 mm dry stress (525 mg.g-1) and the lowest accumulation was in normal irrigation conditions (402 mg.g-1). The highest amount of chlorophyll (2.9) was observed in normal irrigation treatment and the lowest level was observed in drought stress treatment of 80 mm (2.46).
Conclusion
This study results showed that a right combination of transpiration reducer and growth stimulants under drought stress can help corn plant to increase its production. This enhancement is because of higher antioxidant activity and also growth conditions. In other words, positive effects of transpiration reducer, result in deduction of stress effects on grain production and biological yield so can increase corn quantity and quality grain yield.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought stress
  • Yield stability
  • Leaf Area Index
  • Water use efficiency
  • leaf water relative content
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