ارزیابی عملکرد و جنبه‌های اکوفیزیولوژیک کشت مخلوط گوار (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) و آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L.) تحت تأثیر سطوح مختلف نیتروژن

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

2 پژوهشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

چکیده

کشت مخلوط عبارت است از کشت دو یا چند محصول زراعی به‌طور همزمان در یک مزرعه. اصلی‌ترین هدف کشت مخلوط، حصول عملکرد بیشتر در یک قطعه زمین و استفاده از منابعی که در غیر این صورت توسط یک نوع محصول نمی‌توان مورد استفاده قرار داد. اهداف عمده کشت مخلوط شامل کاهش جمعیت آفات و بیماری‌های گیاهی، کاهش فرسایش و حداقل رسانیدن هزینه نیروی کارگری در کنترل علف‌های هرز هستند. به منظور ارزیابی جنبه‌های اکوفیزیولوژیک کشت مخلوط گوار (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) و آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L.) تحت تأثیر سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پژوهشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زابل (چاه نیمه) در سال زراعی 92 -1391 اجرا گردید. عامل اصلی شامل سه سطح کود نیتروژن 0، 100 و 150کیلوگرم در هکتار و عامل فرعی، نسبت مختلف کشت شامل کشت خالص آفتابگردان، کشت خالص گوار، 75 درصد گوار+ 25 درصد آفتابگردان، 50 درصد گوار+ 50 درصد آفتابگردان، 25 درصد گوار+ 75 درصد آفتابگردان بود. نتایج تجزیه داده‌ها نشان داد که سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن، نسبت‌های کاشت و برهمکنش آن‌ها تأثیر معنی‌داری بر عملکرد زیست‌توده دو گیاه آفتابگردان و گوار داشت. بالاترین عملکرد دانه آفتابگردان (33/1633 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از الگوهای کاشت 75 درصد گوار+ 25 درصد آفتابگردان همراه با مصرف 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن و در گوار (7/4356 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از 75 درصد گوار+ 25 درصد آفتابگردان و کاربرد 150 کیلوگرم درهکتار کود نیتروژن به‌دست آمد. سطوح مختلف کود و نسبت‌های کاشت تأثیر معنی‌داری بر عدد اسپد در دو گیاه آفتابگردان و گوار داشت. بیشترین و کمترین مقدار نیتروژن خاک به‌ترتیب با میانگین 2/0 و 17/0 درصد از کشت خالص گوار و کشت خالص آفتابگردان به‌دست آمد. بالاترین نسبت برابری زمین (73/2) از مخلوط 75 درصد گوار+ 25 درصد آفتابگردان به‌دست آمد. در خصوص کنترل علف‌های هرز، بیشترین وزن خشک علف‌هرز به‌ترتیب با میانگین 2/192 و 6/156 گرم در متر‌مربع از کشت خالص آفتابگردان و کشت خالص گوار به‌دست آمد و کمترین میزان آن نیز با میانگین3/153 گرم در متر‌مربع از 75 درصد گوار+ 25 درصد آفتابگردان مشاهده شد. بالاترین عملکرد دانه در آفتابگردان و گوار به‌ترتیب در تیمار مخلوط 25 درصد گوار+ 75 درصد آفتابگردان و 75 درصد گوار+ 25 درصد آفتابگردان حاصل شد. همچنین میزان وزن خشک علف‌های هرز مربوط به کشت خالص آفتابگردان بود، اما کشت خالص گوار و تمامی نسبت‌های کشت مخلوط باعث کاهش وزن خشک علف‌های هرز گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing Yield and Physiological Aspects of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Intercropping under Different Levels of Nitrogen

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdi Momen Keykha 1
  • Issa Khammari 1
  • Mahdi Dahmardeh 1
  • Mohammad Forouzandeh 2
1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
2 Agricultural Research Institute, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop. The main aims of intercropping are reduces the insect populations and plant diseases, reduces hillside erosion and minimizes labor cost on the control of weeds. Guar belongs to the legume family and drought resistant plant which is cultivated as a forage and seed crop and vegetable in warm and dry regions of Asia and Africa. This plant is a precious plant in intercropping system, because it had a development root system as a source of fertilizer and located in symbiosis with nitrogen- fixing bacteria. In fact, use guar is necessary for second crop.

Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the physiological aspects of guar and sunflower intercropping under different levels of nitrogen a split plot experiment was conducted as based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm research of Agricultural Research Institute of University of Zabol (Chah nimeh), Iran in 2012-13 growing season -. Main factor was included 0, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen (N) (urea source) and sub factor was different planting ratio including: sole crop of sunflower, sole crop of guar, guar 75%+ sunflower 25%, sunflower 50%+ guar 50% and guar 25%+ sunflower 75%. Traits such as plant height, head diameter, 1000- seed weight, chlorophyll index, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, guar LER, sunflower LER, total LER, soil nitrogen percentage and weeds dry weight were evaluated. Determination of soil nitrogen percentage carried out by using of Kjeldahl apparatus and measured leaf chlorophyll content by SPAD 502 Plus chlorophyll meter.

Results and Discussion
The statistical analysis showed that different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, planting ratios and interactions between them had significant effect on biological yield of sunflower and guar. The highest seed yield (1633.33 kgha-1) in sowing pattern of sunflower were achieved from 75% guar+ 25% with consumption of 100 kgN ha-1 and in guar (4356.7 kg ha-1) from 75% guar+ 25% sunflower and application of 150 kgN ha-1 of . Different levels of fertilizer and planting ratios had significant effect on chlorophyll index in sunflower and guar. The highest chlorophyll index of sunflower were achieved from 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen application and %75 guar+ %25sunflower treatment with mean of 100 values and in guar plant this trait was 29.6 values from non application fertilizers (control) and sole crop treatment. The maximum and minimum the soil nitrogen ratio were obtained on sole crop of guar and sole crop of sunflower with mean 0.2% and 0.17%, respectively. The highest land equivalent ratio (2.73) was obtained from 75% guar+ 25% sunflower and the lowest of value was obtained from 25% guar + 75% sunflower treatment with mean of 2.5. On account of weed control, the highest weed dry weight were obtained from sole crop of sunflower and sole crop of guar with mean 192.2 and 156.6 g m-2, respectively and the lowest of weed dry weight showed that from 75% guar+ 25% sunflower with mean 153.3 g m-2. Based on the results of mean comparison, the highest of LER (2.73) was obtained from 75% guar + 25% sunflower treatment.

Conclusion
The highest seed yield of sunflower and guar were obtained from mixed 25% guar + 75% sunflower and 75% guar+ 25% sunflower treatment respectively. Also weed dry weight was highest in sole crop of sunflower, but sole crop of guar and all ratios of intercropping reduced weed dry weight. The maximum of soil nitrogen was obtained from sole crop of guar and minimum value from sole crop of sunflower.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chlorophyll index
  • Land equivalent ratio (LER)
  • Planting ratio
  • Sowing pattern
  • Weeds
Agegnnehu, G., Ghizaw, A., and Sinebo, W. 2006. Yield performance and land use efficiency of barley and faba bean mixed cropping in Ethiopian highlands. European Journal of Agronomy 25: 202-207.
Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). 2014. Bulletin of Research and Technology Agricultural Scientific Information and Documentation Center (ASIDC). Available at Web site http://areo.ir/_DouranPortal/documents/nashriyeh4.pdf. (In Persian)
Ahmadvand, G., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2002. Competitiveresponse of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) to density changes of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) and using nitrogen fertilizer. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 106(4): 113-123. (In Persian)
Altieri, M.A. 1999. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 19-31.
Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N., Edwards, C.A., and Metzger, J.D. 2001. The influence of earthworm processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds. Bioresource Technology 81: 103-108.
Banik, P., Midya, A., Sarkar, B.K., and Ghose, S.S. 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in additiveseries experiment: Advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of Agronomy 24: 325-332.
Bremner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S. 1982. Nitrogen-Total, P. 595-624. In: Page, A.L. et al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Agronomy Monograph 9, Part 2, 2nd Ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
Brummer, E.C. 1998. Diversity, stability and sustainable. American Journal of Agriculture Agronomy 90: 1-2.
Chavoshgholi, A., Nasrollah Zadehasl, A., and Khodavirdivand Kashtiban, R. 2015. Study of yield and yield component of pinto bean under intercropping. International Conference on Sustainable Development, Stategies and Challenges with a Focus on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism, 24-26 Feb, Tabriz, Iran. (In Persian)
Dahmardeh, M. 2010. Intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) and cow pea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as whole–crop forage: Effects of planting ratio and harvest time on forage yield and quality. PhD thesis in agronomy. University of Zabol, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Faraji, A., and Mirlohi, A. 1998. Effect of splitting and rate of nitrogen application on yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Isfahan. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology 2(3): 25-34. (In Persian with English Summary)
Farokhi, E., Nabi Pour, A.R., and Daneshian, J. 2015. Sunflower cultivation. Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Cernter. Available at Web site http://www.areo.ir/_DouranPortal/Documents/sunflower_20151209_122122.pdf. (In Persian with English Summary)
Fathi, G. 2010. Effects of plant density on yield and yield components of mungbean in Khoozestan growing conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 41(1): 19-27. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ghanbari, A. 2000. Intercropped wheat (Triticum aestivum) and bean (Vicia faba) as a low-input forage. PhD thesis.Wye Collage, University of London, England.
Ghosh, P.K. 2004. Growth, yield, competition and economics of groundnut/cereal fodder intercropping systems in the semi-arid tropics of India. Field Crops Research 88: 227-237.
Gilbert, N.W., and Tucker, T.C. 1987. Growth, yield and yield components of safflower as affected by sources, rate, and time of application of nitrogen. Agronomy Journal 59: 54-56.
Gokar, M.A. 2005. Effect of intercropping of maize and cucumber on controlling weeds, MSc thesis in agronomy. University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Goulding, K.W.T., Jarvis, S.C., and Whitmore, A.P. 2008. Optimizing nutrient management for farm systems. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences are Provided Here Courtesy of the Royal Society 12: 667-680.
Gustave, N.M., Jean, F., Ois, L., and Xavier, D. 2008. Shoot and root competitiom in potato/maize intercropping, effects on growth and yield. Environmental and Experimental Botany 64: 180-188.
Hakan, G., Riza, A., Hikmet, S., and Behcet, K. 2008. Intercropping of corn with cowpea and bean: Biomass yield and silage quality. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(22): 4100-4104.
Hamzei, J., and Seyedi, M. 2014. Evaluation of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) intercropping systems using advantageous indices of intercropping under weed interference conditions. Journal of Agronomy Siences 5(9): 1-12. (In Persian with English Summary)
Haryanvi, M.R., Latifi, N., Zeinali, A., Feizabadi, A., and SHojaei, K. 2005. Effect of rye population on reproductive characteristics and grain yield in wheat. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36(1): 87-97. (In Persian with English Summary)
Iran Meteorological Organization. 2012. Weather station Zahak. Available at Web site http://www.irimo.ir/eng/wd/701-Weather-Forcast-Zabol.html?id=221.
Jongschaap, R.E., and Booij, R. 2004. Spectral measurements at different spatial scales in potato: Relating leaf, plant and canopy nitrogen status. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 5: 205-218.
Kashfi, S.M.H., Majnoun Hosseini, N., and Zeinali Khaneghah, H. 2011. Effect of plant density and starter nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Kourosh) at Karaj conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 1(2): 11-20. (In Persian with English Summary)
Khatamipour, M., Asgharipour, M.R., and Sirousmehr, A. 2014. Intercropping benefits of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) with mungbean (Vignaradiata) as influenced by application of different manure levels. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science 24(3): 75-86. (In Persian with English Summary)
Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Zarea Fizabadi, A., and Jahanbin, G. 2004. Diversity of cropping systems in Iran. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 63: 70-83. (In Persian with English Summary)
Koocheki, A., Zarghani, H., and Norooziyan, A. 2015. Comparison of yield and yield components in different intercropping arrangements of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and red bean (Phaseolus calcaratus). Available at Web site https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/index.php/arable/article/view/51158/8667. (In Persian with English Summary)
Madadi Bonab, S., Zehtab Salmasi, S., and Ghassemi Golezani, K. 2013. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Journal of Agroecology 5(1): 67-74. (In Persian with English Summary)
Moadab Shabestari, M., and Mojtahedi, M. 2009. Crop Physiology. 2nd Ed. Markaze Nashre-e-Daneshghahi Press, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
Nasirpour, M. 2010. The effect of culture different ratios on yield and yield components of millet (Anicum miliaceum L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in Intercropping. MSc thesis in agronomy, University of Zabol, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., Mondani, F., Amirmoradi, S., and Feizi, H. 2015. Evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growth indices in strip intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 13(1): 81-82. (In Persian with English Summary)
Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Beheshti, A. 2003. Agroecology (translation). Ferdowsi University Publications, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
Pahlevanloo, P., Rahimizadeh, M., and Tookalloo, M.R. 2016. Evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency in intercropping of maize and soybean. Journal of Crops Improvement 17(4): 967-978. (In Persian with English Summary)
Poggio, S.L. 2005. Structure of weed communities occurring in monoculture and intercropping of field pea and barley. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 109: 48-58.
Pour Mousavi, S.M., Galavi, M., Daneshian, J., Ghanbari, A., and Basirani, N. 2007. Effects of drought stress and manure on leaf relative water content, cell membrane stability and leaf chlorophyll content in soybean (glycine max). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 14: 125-134. (In Persian with English Summary)
Powell, J.M., and Hons, M. 1992. Fertilizer nitrogen and stover removal effects on sorghum yields and nutrient uptake and partitioning. Department of Soil and Crop Sciences 2: 220-221.
Rafiae, F., Kashani, A., Mamqani, R., and Golchin, A. 2004. The effect of the timing of irrigation and nitrogen application on grain yield andsome morphological traits in hybrid sunflower, cv. Golshid. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 7(1): 44-54. (In Persian with English Summary)
Rahimi, M.M., Mazaheri, D., Khodabandeh, N., and Heydari SHarifabady, K.H. 2002. Effects of intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max) on yield and yield components. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 51: 45-55. (In Persian with English Summary)
Rahman, M.S., and Leithon, R.E. 1968. Guar meal in dairy rations. Journal of Animal Sciences 51: 1664-1671.
Raiesi, F. 2006. Carbon and N mineralization as affected by soil cultivation and crop residue in a calcareous wetland ecosystem in Central Iran. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 112: 13-20.
Rezaei-Chiyaneh, E., Khorramdel, S., and Garachali, P. 2015. Evaluation of relay intercropping of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) on their yield and land use efficiency. Crops Improvement (Journal of Agricultural Crops Production) 17(1): 183-196. (In Persian with English Summary)
Scheiner, J.D., Gutierrez-Boem, F.H., and Lavado, R.S. 2002. Sunflower nitrogen requirement and 15N fertilizer recovery in Western Pampas. Argentina European Journal of Agronomy 17: 73-79.
Sij, J.W., Ott, J.P., Baughman, T.A., and Olosn, B.L.S. 2002. Simulated hail damage on guar at different stages of growth. Annual Report Texas University, USA.
Sirous Mehr, A., Gavanshir, A., Rahimzadeh Khouei, F., and Moghaddam, M. 2003. Intercropping between millet and vetch. Desert Journal 8(2): 250-263. (In Persian with English Summary)
Sivasemardeh, A. 2003. Physiology, growth and yield of wheat under drought stress conditions. PhD thesis in agronomy, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Sosulski, F.W. 1979. Food uses of sunflower proteins. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 56(3): 438-442.
Tavasoli, A., Ghabari, A., Ahmadi, M., and Heidari, M. 2010. Effect of manure and chemical fertilizers on forage and seed yield of millet (Panicum miliaceum) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) at intercropping. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 8(2): 1-11. (In Persian with English Summary)
TohidiNejad, A., Mazaheri, D., and Koocheki, A. 2004. Study of maize and sunflower intercropping. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 64: 39-45. (In Persian with English Summary)
Tsubo, M., and Walker, S. 2003. Relationships between diffuse and global solar radiation in Southern Africa. South African Journal Sciences 99: 360-362.
Undersander, D.J., Putnam, D.H., Kaminski, A.R., Kelling, K.A., Doll, J.D., Oplinger, E.S., and Gunsolus, J.L. 1997. Alternative Field Crops: Guar. Available at Website www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/articles/guar.htm.
Watiki, J., Mfukai, S., Band, J.A., and Keeting, B.A. 1993. Radiation interception and growth of maize/cowpea intercrop as an affected by maize plant-density and cowpea cultivar. Field Crops Research 35: 123-133.
CAPTCHA Image