انتشار گازهای گلخانه‏ای و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی ناشی از مصرف نهاده‏های شیمیایی در زراعت محصولات مهم استان کرمان: - محصولات باغی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی بردسیر، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، ایران

چکیده

مصرف بی‏رویه نهاده‌های شیمیایی در بخش کشاورزی سبب افزایش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در جهان شده است.‏این مسئله،پدیدهگرمایش جهانی و اثرات زیست محیطی زیادی را به وجود آورده است. بنابراین، ‏این مطالعه با هدف بررسی میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی حاصل از مصرف نهاده‌های شیمیایی (انواع کودها و آفت‌کش‌ها) در کشت سیب‌زمینی (.Solanum tuberosum L) و پیاز (Allium cepa L.) و هنداونه (Citrullus lanatus L.) برخی شهرستان‌های استان کرمان در سال زراعی 1392-1391 انجام شد. سطح زیر کشت محصولات مورد مطالعه از طریق آمار سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان استخراج گردید. میزان نهاده‌های شیمیایی مورد استفاده در محصولات فوق توسط محاسبه-های حضوری و پرسشنامه‌ها از شهرستان‌های مورد مطالعه استان (بردسیر، بم، جیرفت، کرمان، راور، رفسنجان و سیرجان) جمع‌آوری گردید. نتایج نشان داد که در هر سه محصول بیشترین و کمترین میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای به ترتیب مربوط به شهرستان‌های جیرفت و رفسنجان بود. میزان سالیانه پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی در بین شهرستان‌های مختلف استان با روند انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای هماهنگ بود و برای‏این صفت نیز جیرفت و رفسنجان به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین میزان پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی را نشان دادند. برای هر سه محصول مورد مطالعه، میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای حاصل از مصرف کود نیتروژن بیش از سایر نهاده‌های شیمیایی بود. میزان انتشار CO2، N2O و CH4 برآورد شده در سیب‌زمینی بیش از هنداونه و در هنداونه بیشتر از پیاز گزارش شد. همچنین، میزان سالیانه پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی معادل دی‏اکسید کربن در کشت سیب‌زمینی، هندوانه و پیاز به‌ترتیب 2/6814 تن، 2/6024 تن و 2125 تن بود. در بین نهاده‏های مورد بررسی، نیتروژن (91 درصد)، فسفر (9/6 درصد) و علف‌کش (یک درصد) بیشترین سهم را در‏ پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی در محصولات مورد بررسی دارا بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Greenhouse Gases Emission and Global Warming Potential as Affected by Chemical Inputs for Main Cultivated Crops in Kerman Province: - Horticultural Crops

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nasibe Pourghasemian
  • Rooholla Moradi
Department of Plant Productions, Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
The latest report of the IPCC states that future emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) will continue to increase and will be the main cause of global climatic changes, as well as Iran. The three greenhouse gases associated with agriculture are CO2, CH4, and N2O. Chemical inputs consumption in agriculture has increased annually, while more intensive use of energy led to some important human health and environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the application of chemical inputs in agricultural systems. Agriculture contributes significantly to atmospheric GHG emissions, with 14% of the global net CO2 emissions coming from this sector. Chemical inputs have a major role in this hazards.
There is even less data on CO2, N2O, and CH4 gas emission analysis as affected by cultivating various crops in Kerman province. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the GHGs emission and Global warming Potential GWP caused by chemical inputs (various chemical fertilizers and pesticides) for cultivating potato, onion and watermelon in some regions of Kerman province at 2011-2012 growth season.
Material and Methods
The study was conducted in Kerman province of Iran. Data of planting area, application rates of the chemical inputs and other different parameter were collected from potato, onion and watermelon growers by using a face to face questionnaire in 2014 for different regions of Kerman(Bardsir, Bam, Jiroft, Kerman, Ravar, Rafsanjan and Sirjan). In addition to the data obtained by surveys, previous studies of related organization (Agricultural Ministry of Kerman) were also utilized during the study. Farm random sampling was done within whole population and the sample size was determined by proper equations.
The amounts of GHG emissions from chemical inputs in the studied crops were calculated by using CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions coefficient of chemical inputs. Then the amount of each GHG changed into CO2using the specific GWP of each gas, which is the warming influence relative to that of carbon dioxide.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that N and P fertilizers had the highest application share of chemical inputs. Among the studied crops, the highest amount of chemical fertilizers was used in potato. Potato and watermelon were obtained the highest doses of herbicide and pesticide application, respectively. The results demonstrated that in all these three crops, the highest and lowest GHGs emission was related to Jiroft and Rafsanjan, respectively. The amount of annual GHGs emission was related to the regions planting area. The highest share of emission gas in all the three crops and all regions was related to CO2. In potato and onion, herbicide was caused higher CO2 emission compared to insecticide and fungicide. Watermelon cultivation contained no herbicide application.
GWP in the studied regions had the same trend with GHGs emission. In all three studied crops, Jiroft and Sirjan were obtained the highest and lowest values of annual GWP, respectively. In all studied crops, N fertilizer led to more GHGs emission in comparison to other inputs. Potato had the highest emission of CO2, N2O and CH4 followed by watermelon, and the lowest amount was gained in onion. Also, annual GWP of potato, watermelon and onion were 6814.2, 6024.2 and 2125 ton CO2 equivalence, respectively. Among all chemical inputs, N (91%), P (6.9%) and herbicide (1%) were involved the highest share in GWP for studied plants.
Conclusion
The results showed that in all three studied crops, the highest and lowest GHGs emission was related to Jiroft and Rafsanjan, respectively. Annual GWP in the studied regions had the same trend with GHGs emission. In all three studied crops, Jiroft and Sirjan were obtained the highest and lowest values of annual GWP, respectively. In all studied crops, N fertilizer led to more GHGs emission in comparison to other inputs. Potato had the highest emission of CO2, N2O and CH4 followed by watermelon, and the lowest amounts was gained in onion. Among all chemical inputs, N (91%), P (6.9%) and herbicide (1%) were involved the highest share in GWP for studied plants.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Coefficient emission
  • Herbicide
  • Onion
  • Potato
  • Urea
  • watermelon
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