Yield, Yield Components, and Gas Exchange in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars Affected by the Applications of Different Sources of Fertilizer under Dryland Farming

Document Type : Research Article

Author

• Rahim Naseri

Department of Plant Production Technology, Dehloran Faculty of Agriculture and Engineering, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.

10.22067/agry.2023.80366.1138

Abstract

Introduction
Rainfed farming plays an important role in the food production of many countries in the semi-arid regions of the world and includes 80% of the total usable agricultural land. Barley is cultivated in most parts of the world in areas that are threatened by moisture stress, the lack of which affects different stages of plant growth from germination to seed set, and finally affects the grain yield. Studies show that the stress caused by the lack of water in plants is one of the important factors in crop reduction in semi-arid regions. Application of biofertilizers improves yield by improving the physical properties of the soil, increasing soil fertility, and increasing the availability of nutrients for plant uptake, among which mycorrhizal fungi are considered the most important microorganisms. Mycorrhizal fungi are effective in nutrient uptake, including phosphorus, water uptake in dehydrated conditions, hormone production, modulation of environmental stresses, improvement of root growth, and effect on soil granulation. Since not much research has been done on the application of mycorrhizal fungi on dryland barley in the country and especially in Ilam province, the present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on yield, yield components, and gas exchanges of dryland barley.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation on yield and yield components and gas exchange of barley cultivars under rainfed conditions, a field experiment was carried out in factorial analysis based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm of Sarablah Agricultural Research Center station during the 2019-2020 cropping season. Experimental treatments include barley cultivars (Mahali, Mahour, Khorram, and Fardan) and fertilizer sources treatment, including control (no fertilizer source), 50% phosphorus fertilizer, mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, and Rhizophagus irregularis), and Mycorrhizal fungi were +50% phosphorus fertilizer and 100% phosphorus fertilizers. In this study, the length of each plot was four meters, the number of rows in each plot was eight rows, and the distance between the rows was 20 cm. The measured traits were: yield and yield components, as well as gas exchanges, including photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, photosynthetic water consumption efficiency, mesophilic conductance, co₂, and leaf temperature. The effect of the treatments on yield and yield components and gas exchange of the barley cultivars in the field was assessed using SAS; software, means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test method, and graphs were drawn using Excel software.

Results and Discussion
The results of this study showed that the interaction of cultivar×fertilizer sources on yield, grain yield components, as well as gas exchange characteristics, including photosynthetic mesoton, transpiration rate, photosynthetic water consumption efficiency, mesophilic conductance, substomatal carbon dioxide concentration, and leaf temperature in rainfed barley was significant. So that the maximum number of seeds per spike (32.3 seeds), 1000-grain weight (38.5 g), grain yield (4238.3 kg/ha), biomass yield (10123.3 kg/ha), photosynthesis rate (5.7 µmol Co² m^-2s^-1), transpiration rate (4 mmol H₂o m^-2s^-1), mesophilic conductivity (0.019 mmol co₂ M^-2S^-1) and water use efficiency Photosynthesis (µmol co₂ mol^-1H₂o) was obtained in Fardan cultivar ×Mycorrhiza+50% of phosphorus fertilizer compared to the control (no fertilizer source was used).
 
Conclusion
    The results of this study showed that under rainfed conditions, yield and yield components, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, mesophilic conductance, and photosynthetic water use efficiency in all cultivars of barley were significantly reduced. However, the use of mycorrhizal fungi in dryland conditions improved grain yield and gas exchanges. In this study, Barley Fardan×application of Mycorrhizal fungi caused a significant increase in yield and grain yield components by increasing photosynthesis and increasing photosynthetic water use efficiency, as well as decreasing leaf temperature.
 







 




 
 

Keywords

• Mesophilic conductivity
• Photosynthesis
• Photosynthetic water use efficiency
• Transpiration
• 1000-grain weight

Main Subjects

• Sustainable agriculture and food production systems

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©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

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