Effect of plant growth promoting bacteria along with potassium fertilizer on yield and yield components of rice (cv. ‘Tarom Hashemi’)

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

• Khadijeh Shahsavarpour Lendeh ¹
• Hemmatollah Pirdashti ²
• Esmaeil Bakhshandeh ¹

¹ Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University

² Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Genetic and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari

10.22067/jag.v11i2.67375

Abstract

Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important tropical cereals which is a staple food for about 50% of population around the world, including Iran. The annual grain production of rice in Iran was 2.5 million tones which provided from an area of 0.59 million ha-1. Estimates indicate that rice yield should be enhanced about 65% in the world by the year 2020, especially in developing countries where it is the main food crop. The third macro-nutrient next to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is known as potassium (K). Potassium is absorbed by roots equal to N and or second after N in some plants like rice. However, it is available to plants about 1-2% of total K in the soil (K+, soluble forms) while 90-98% of this is unavailable for plant uptake, as a result of the strong binding force between K and other minerals such as mica and feldspar. Therefore, introduce alternative sources of fertilizer such as microbial activation can be an effective way to meet a sustainable agriculture and to decline the use of chemical fertilizers. For this purpose, plant growth promoting rhisobacteria (PGPRs) can be used in rice paddies field. PGPRs influence on plant growth and productivity using both direct (assisting in resource acquisition (nitrogen, phosphorus and essential minerals) or modulating plant hormone levels) and indirect (indirectly by decreasing the inhibitory effects of various pathogens on plant growth and development in the forms of biocontrol agents) mechanisms that are fully described in Ahemad and Kibret (2014).
 
Materials and methods
A field experiment was conducted in a paddy field of Mazandaran province (Babol city) as a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016. Six levels of potassium sulfate fertilizer (PSF: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg.ha-1) were used as the main plot and four levels of inoculations (non-inoculation as control, seed inoculation in the seedbed condition, seedling root inoculation before transplanting time and combined both previously methods) served as the sub-plots. The experiment was performed under optimal agronomic conditions. Plots were weeded by hand. If necessary, appropriate chemicals were applied to control pests and diseases. A water depth of 3–5 cm was applied in all plots from transplanting time until 2 weeks before harvest maturity (82 days after transplanting). Ten rice plants were randomly harvested at physiological maturity to measure yield components of rice. Actual paddy yield (PY) and biological yield (BY) were also determined at harvesting time by removing of 1 m–2 of rice plants from each plot. Potassium concentration in the grain was measured by the flame photometric method. 
 Results and discussion
The results indicated that all studied traits were significantly affected by PSF and various inoculation methods, except for panicle length and total number of grain per panicle, but the interaction effect between them were not statistically significant. Various inoculation methods significantly increased panicle number per hill, number of filled grain per panicle, PY, BY, harvest index, potassium uptake (PU) in the grain and PU in the straw of rice by 8.40-17.8, 3.50-8.30, 14.6-19.8, 8.71-13.2, 5.20-5.70, 15.9-18.9 and 3.45-13.2%, respectively, and the number of empty grain per panicle (NEGP) was decreased by 58.3-61.6% as compared to the control. Furthermore, values of all studied traits particularly PY (18.2% more than the control), except for NEGP which was decreased, increased with the addition of PSF from zero to 125 kg.ha-1.
 
Conclusion
The combined inoculation method improve yield components and potassium uptake by rice plant which was defined as the best method. Therefore, this method can be used in reduced potassium fertilizer condition (~25 kg.ha-1) to meet a sustainable rice system production.
 Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT) and Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran for providing financial support for this study.

Keywords

• Enterobacter sp
• Paddy yield
• Regression analysis
• Rice
• sulfate potassium fertilizer
• Yield components

20.1001.1.20087713.1398.11.2.13.0

---

References

Ahemad, M., and Kibret, M. 2014. Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: current perspective. Journal of King Saud University-Science 26:1-20.

Akbarlou, R. 2013. Effect of potassium and planting method on yield and some agronomical traits of local variety of round-grain rice in Khoy. Journal of Research in Crop Sciences 5:1-14. (In Persian with English Summary)

Anjanadevi, I.P., John, N.S., John, K.S., Jeeva, M.L., and Misra, R.S. 2016. Rock inhabiting potassium solubilizing bacteria from Kerala, India: characterization and possibility in chemical K fertilizer substitution. Journal of Basic Microbiology 56:67-77.

Asghari, J., Ehteshami, S., Rajabi Darvishan, Z., and Khavazi, K. 2013. Investigation of spraying or root inoculation by plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and their metabolites on morphophysiological indices, qualitative indices and yield in Hashemi cultivar of rice. Journal of Plant Process and Function 2:25-39.

Asghari, J., Ehteshami, S.M.R., Rajabi, D.Z., and Khavazi, K. 2014. Study of root inoculation with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and spraying with their metabolites on chlorophyll content, nutrients uptake and yield in rice (Hashemi cultivar). Journal of Soil Biology 2:21-31. (In Persian with English Summary)

Bahari Saravi, S.H., and Pirdashti, H. 2013. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and phosphate solubilizing microorganism (PSM) on yield and yield components of wheat (cv. N80) under different nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers levels in greenhouse condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10:681-689. (In Persian with English Summary)

Bahmanyar, M., and Mashaee, S.S. 2010. Influences of nitrogen and potassium top dressing on yield and yield components as well as their accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa). African Journal of Biotechnology 9:2648-2653.

Bakhshandeh, E., Pirdashti, H., and Gilani, Z. 2017a. Application of mathematical models to describe rice growth and nutrients uptake in the presence of plant growth promoting microorganisms. Applied Soil Ecology 124: 171-184.

Bakhshandeh, E., Pirdashti, H., and Lendeh, K.S. 2017b. Phosphate and potassium-solubilizing bacteria effect on the growth of rice. Ecological Engineering 103:164-169.

Bakhshandeh, E., Rahimian, H., Pirdashti, H., and Nematzadeh, G.A. 2014. Phosphate solubilization potential and modeling of stress tolerance of rhizobacteria from rice paddy soil in northern Iran. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30:2437-2447.

Bakhshandeh, E., Rahimian, H., Pirdashti, H., and Nematzadeh, G.A. 2015. Evaluation of phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropped in northern Iran. Journal of Applied Microbiology 119:1371-1382.

Daghighian, N., Habibi, D., Madani, H., and Sajadi, N.A. 2011. The evaluation of effects of the best method and time application of plant growth promoting bacteria on N, P, K assimilation and seed yield in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 3:94-100. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ding, Y., Luo, W., and Xu, G. 2006. Characterisation of magnesium nutrition and interaction of magnesium and potassium in rice. Annals of Applied Biology 149:111-123.

Duy, M., Hoi, N., Ve, N., Thuc, L., and Trang, N. 2016. Influence of Cellulomonas flavigena, Azospirillum sp. and Pseudomonas sp. on rice growth and yield grown in submerged soil amended with rice straw. Recent Trends in PGPR Research for Sustainable Crop Productivity p: 238.

Ebrahimi-Chamani, H., Yasari, E., and Pirdashti, H. 2014. Effects of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and phosphorous levels on rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agricultural Advances 3:56-66.

Esfahani, M., Sadrzadeh, S. M., Kavousi, M., and Dabbagh Mohammadi-Nasab, A. 2005. Study the effect of different level of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on growth, grain yield, yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khazar. Journal of Crop Sciences 7:226-240. (In Persian with English Summary)

Estefan, G., Sommer, R., and Ryan, J. 2013. Methods of soil, plant, and water analysis. A manual for the West Asia and North Africa region, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). P: 244.

Fageria, N. 2015. Potassium requirements of lowland rice. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 46:1459-1472.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2014. FAOSTAT/ Productionstat/ Crops [Online]. Available at http://Faostat.Fao.Org/Site/567/Default. aspx. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Ghasemi-Mianaie, A., Mobaser, H., Madani, H., and Dastan, S. 2011. Silicon and potassium application facts on loding related characteristics and quantity yield in rice (Oryza sative L.) Tarom Hashemi variety. New Findings in Agriculture 5:423-435. (In Persian with English Summary)

Gilani, Z., Pirdashti, H., and Bakhshandeh, E. 2017. Evaluation of Piriformospora indica and Pantoea ananatis on yield, yield components and potassium uptake of rice plant. Journal Sustainable Agriculture and Production science. (In Persian with English Summary)

Hahn, L., Sa, E.L.S.D., Osorio Filho, B.D., Machado, R.G., Damasceno, R.G., and Giongo, A. 2016. Rhizobial inoculation, alone or coinoculated with Azospirillum brasilense, promotes growth of wetland rice. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. 40:e0160006.

Hussain, M., Asgher, Z., Tahir, M., Ijaz, M., Shahid, M., Ali, H., and Sattar, A. 2016. Bacteria in combination with fertilizers improve growth, productivity and net returns of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 53:633-645.

Lavakush Yadav, J., Verma, J.P., Jaiswal, D.K., and Kumar, A. 2014. Evaluation of PGPR and different concentration of phosphorus level on plant growth, yield and nutrient content of rice (Oryza sativa). Ecological Engineering 62:123-128.

Meena, V.S., Maurya, B.R., Verma, J.P., and Meena, R.S. 2016. Potassium Solubilizing Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer. p 350.

Mohammadi Kashka, F., Pirdashti, H., Yaghoubian, Y., and Bahari Saravi, S. 2015. Effect of Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica coexistence with Enterobacter sp. on the growth and photosynthetic pigments of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology 26:121-133. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mwashasha, R., Hunja, M., and Kahangi, E.M. 2016. The effect of inoculating plant growth promoting microorganisms on rice production. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research 9:34-44.

Ramezanpour, M., Popov, Y., Khavazi, K., and Rahmani, H. 2010. Genetic diversity and efficiency of indole acetic acid production by the isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads from rhizosphere of rice (Oryza sativa L.). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science 7:103-109.

Sarikhani, M., Aliasgharzad, N., and Malboobi, M. 2013. Improvement of wheat phosphorus nutrition using phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Electronic Journal of Soil Managment and Sustainable Production 3:39-57. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tohidinia, M.A., Mazaheri, D., Bagher-Hosseini, S.M., and Madani, H. 2014. Effect of biofertilizer Barvar-2 and chemical phosphorus fertilizer application on kernel yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays cv. SC704). Journal of Crop Sciences 15:295-307. (In Persian with English Summary)

Xue, X., Lu, J., Ren, T., Li, L., Yousaf, M., Cong, R., and Li, X. 2016. Positional difference in potassium concentration as diagnostic index relating to plant K status and yield level in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 62:31-38.

Zakavi, D., Deliri, M., Mobzar, H., Dastan, S., and Hosseinzadeh, S.A. 2012. Effect of interrupting irrigation and application of potassium fertilizer on agronomic traits and bending motion of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Tarom Local 15th National Rice Conference, Sari, Iran, Pp 1-7. (In Persian with English Summary)

Zhang, C., and Kong, F. 2014. Isolation and identification of potassium-solubilizing bacteria from tobacco rhizospheric soil and their effect on tobacco plants. Applied Soil Ecology 82:18-25.