Studying Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Ecophysiological Traits of Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Irrigation Regimes

Mondani, Farzad; Khani, Kianoosh; Jalali Honarmand, Saeid; Saeedi, Mohsen

doi:10.22067/jag.v11i4.73655

Studying Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Ecophysiological Traits of Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Irrigation Regimes

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

¹ Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

² Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University , Kermanshah, Iran

10.22067/jag.v11i4.73655

Abstract

Introduction
Water scarcity and frequent droughts are becoming a serious problem particularly in the context of alarming predictions of climate change in the world. Within the arid and semi-arid regions, water availability is a major limitation for crop production. Thus, it is necessary to improve yield and the efficient utilization of limited available water in the irrigated agroecosystems. One possibility to enhance crop yield under water limitation is using soil microorganisms that increase the radiation and water efficiency and uptake capacity. Among these potential soil microorganisms, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the most promising, including all bacteria inhabiting the rhizosphere and the rhizoplane able to simulate plant growth and yield. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the PGPR on the ecophysiological characteristics of soybean under different moisture regimes.
Material and Methods
The field experiment was conducted during 2016 at the research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Research, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran (34°, 19´ N, 47°, 50´ E with 1320 m altitude). A split plot factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design. Main plots had three irrigation regimes in which irrigation was cut based on the soybean stages (I1: water deficit stress from mid pod development stage to maturity stage; I2: water deficit stress from grain filling development stage to maturity stage; and I3: optimum irrigation in all development stages) and sub-plots were composed of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (B1: no bacteria; B2: Bacillus subtilis; and B: Bacillus licheniformis) and soybean cultivar (TMS, M9 and Kosar). The experimental plots were irrigated based on furrow method. I3 treatment were irrigated every 7 days until the end of the growing period while in the I1 and I2 treatments, the plots were irrigated every 7 days until the start of the water deficit stress. In order to inoculate with the PGPR, the soybean seeds were plunged in a 1:10 (v:v) solution of liquid culture and distilled water, respectively for 10 minutes. All seeds including inoculated and no inoculated seeds oven-dried at 30 ℃ for 5 h. Finally, the soybean inoculated seeds by PGPR were inoculated by Rhizobium japonicum before sowing and cultivated immediately at 4 to 5 cm soil depth. The evaluated traits were the leaf area index (LAI), radiation absorption (RA), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth ratio (RGR), total dry weight (TDW), radiation use efficiency (RUE) and Grain yield (GY).
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that the water deficit stress reduced the LAI, RA, CGR, RGR, TDW, RUE and GY of soybean. The PGPR application improved all measured traits of soybean in all irrigation regime treatments. The highest LAI (6.7), RA (18.2 MJ.m-2), CGR (20.6 g.m-2.d-1), TDW (1104.7 g.m-2) and RUE (1.165 g.MJ-1) were related to TMS cultivar in the optimum irrigation and B. licheniformis treatment and the lowest them were related to Kosar cultivar under water deficit stress from mid pod development stage to maturity stage and no bacteria treatment. The greatest GY (380.9 g.m-2) was related to TMS cultivar which was observed in the optimum irrigation and B. licheniformis treatment and the lowest GY (134.2 g.m-2) was related to Kosar cultivar which was observed in the water deficit stress from mid pod development stage to maturity stage and no bacteria treatment. In this study, B. licheniformis compared to B. subtilis presented a more effective improvement in soybean LAI, RA, CGR, RGR, TDW, RUE and GY.
Conclusion
It seems that the PGPR could promote the soybean growth and yield via increasing the root system and more uptake of water in the rhizosphere. Nevertheless, as the results showed, the more effects of the PGPR were observed in the I2 treatment compared to other treatments. The PGPR actually could promote the soybean growth and yield in the mid water deficit stress.

Keywords

20.1001.1.20087713.1398.11.4.2.3

References

Ahmadi, M., Mondani, F., Khorramivafa, M., Mohammadi, G., and Shirkhani, A., 2018. The effect of nitrogen on radiation use efficiency and growth indices of maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) under Kermanshah condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 15: 885-900. (In Persian with English Summery)

Ahmadvand, G., Mondani, F., Dehghan Banadaki, M., Hajinia, S., and Eskandari, B., 2017. The effect of different methods of tillage and cover crop on radiation interception and use by potato (Solanum tuberosum) under Hamedan weather condition. Plant Production Technology 8: 179-193. (In Persian with English Summery)

Akbari, D., 2012. Effect of drought stress at different growth stages on soybean yield and water use efficiency in Mazandaran. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 22: 13-23. (In Persian with English Summery)

Armada, E., Portela, G., Roldan, A., and Azcon, R., 2014. Combined use of beneficial soil microorganism and agrowaste residue to cope with plant water limitation under semiarid conditions. Geoderma 232: 640-648.

Besharati, H., Pashapour, S., and Rezazadeh, M., 2017. The evaluation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria effect for improving soybean growth indices. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 47: 671-687. (In Persian with English Summery)

Çolak, Y.B., Yazar, A., Çolak, İ., Akça, H., and Duraktekin, G., 2015. Evaluation of crop water stress index (CWSI) for eggplant under varying irrigation regimes using surface and subsurface drip systems. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 4: 372-382.

Costa, R.R.G.F., Quirino, G.D.S.F., Naves, D.C.D.F., Santos, C.B., and Rocha, A.F.D.S., 2015. Efficiency of inoculant with Azospirillum brasilense on the growth and yield of second-harvest maize. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical 45: 304-311.

Dabaghian, Z., Pirdashti, H., Abasian, A., and Bahari Saravi, S.H., 2015. The effect of biofertilizers, Thiobacillus, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and organic sulfur on nodulation process and yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Applied Field Crop Research 107: 17-25. (In Persian with English Summery)

Deoliveira, P.J., Ribeiro, A., Paulino, A., Da Rocha, E.J., Farias, J.R.B., Loureiro, R.S., Bispo, C.C., and Sampaio, L., 2009. Solar radiation use efficiency by soybean under field conditions in the Amazon region. Brazilian Agricultural Research 44: 1211-1218.

Divsalar, M., Tahmasbi-Sarvestani, Z., Mohammad Modares Sanavi, A., and Hamidi, A., 2016. The evaluation of drought stress impact as irrigation with holding at reproductive stages on quantitative and qualitative performance of soybean cultivars. Agricultural Crop Management 18: 481-493. (In Persian with English Summery)

Ebadi, A., Sajed, K., and Gharib-Eshghi, A., 2014. Evaluation of light extinction coefficient, radiation use efficiency and grain yield of soybean genotypes. African Journal of Agricultural Research 9: 222-229.

Ellis, R.H., Asumadu, H., Qi, A., and Summerfield, R.J., 2000. Effects of photoperiod and maturity genes on plant growth, partitioning, radiation use efficiency, and yield in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) 'Clark'. Annuals of Botany 85: 335- 343.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Database. 2017. FAOSTAT Production Statistics of Crops. Available: http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E.

Gardner, F.P., Pearce, R.B., and Mitchell, R.L. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, USA.

Goudriaan, J., and Van Laar, H.H., 1993. Modeling potential crop growth processes. Kluwer Academic.

Gülser, F., 2005. Effects of ammonium sulphate and urea on NO3− and NO2− accumulation, nutrient contents and yield criteria in spinach. Scientia Horticulturae 106: 330-340.

Habibi, D., 2015. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, foliar application of amino acids and silicic acid on yield and yield components of wheat under drought stress. New Finding in Agriculture 9: 89-104. (In Persian with English Summery)

Hokmalipour, S., 2017. Evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and some agronomic and physiological traits of medicinal plant of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology 9: 133-144. (In Persian with English Summery).

Hamidi, A., Chaokan, R., Asgharzadeh, A., Dehghanshoar, M., Ghalavand, A., and Malakouti, M.J., 2009. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on phenology of late maturity maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Iranian Journal of Crop Science 11: 271-289. (In Persian with English Summery)

Kiniry, J.R., Tischler, C.R., and van Esbroeck, G.A., 1999. Radiation use efficiency and leaf CO2 exchange for divers C4 grasses. Biomass and Bioenergy 17: 95-112.

Khademhamzeh, H.R., Karimie, M., Rezaie, A., and Ahmadie, M., 2004. Effect of plant density and planting date on agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components in Soybean. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 35: 357-367. (In Persian with English Summery)

Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Mondani, F., Feizi, H., and Amirmoradi, S., 2009. Evaluation of radiation interception and use by maize and bean intercropping canopy. Journal of Agroecology 1: 13-23. (In Persian with English Summery)

Loomis, R.S., and Williams, W.M., 1963. Maximum crop productivity: an estimate. Crop Science 3: 67-72.

Nassiri-Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., Mondani, F., Feizi, H., and Amirmoradi, S., 2015. Determination of optimal strip width in strip intercropping of maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northeast Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production 106: 343-350.

Noroozi-Shahri, F., Gholami, B., Jalali Honarmand, S., Mondani, F., and Saeedi, M., 2018. Evaluating the effect of smoke-water and nitrogen fertilizer on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ecophysiological traits. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 16: 459-475. (In Persian with English Summery)

Parhizkar-Khajani, F., Irannezhad, H., Amiri, R., Oraki H., and Majidian, M., 2012. Effects of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of oil flax. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 5: 37-51. (In Persian with English Summery).

Ruzzi, M., and Aroca, R., 2015. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria act as biostimulants in horticulture. Scientia Horticulture 196: 124-134.

Seiedi, M.N., and Seyed Sharifi, R., 2013. The effects of Seed Inoculation with Rhizobium and nitrogen application on yield and some agronomy characteristics of soybean (Glycine max L.) under Ardabil condition. Iranian Field Crop Research 11: 618-628. (In Persian with English Summery).

Seyed Sharifi, R., Ganbari, P., Khavazi, K., and Kamari, H., 2016. Study of interaction between nitrogen and biofertilizers on yield, grain growth of wheat and fertilizer use efficiency. Journal of Soil Biology 4: 1-14. (In Persian with English Summery).

Seyed Sharifi, R., Lotfollah. F., and Kamari, H., 2016. Evaluation of effects of Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Psedomunas inoculation and spraying of nitrogen on fertilizer use efficiency and growth of Triticale. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable 5: 115-132. (In Persian with English Summery)

Seyed sharif, R., 2015. Effects of zinc application and biofertilizers on nodulation, yield and some growth characterstics of soybean. Agricultural Crop Management 17: 109-130. (In Persian with English Summery)

Sarkar, K.K., Mannan, M.A., Haque, M.M., and Ahmed, J.U., 2015. Physiological basis of water stress tolerance in soybean. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 18: 71-78.

Sharifi, R., Ahmadzadeh, M., Sharifi-Tehrani, A., and Talebi-Jahromi, K., 2010. Pyoverdine production in Pseudomonas fluorescens UTPF5 and its association with suppression of common bean damping off caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn). Journal of Plant Protection Research 50: 72-78.

Shoor, M., Mondani, F., Aliverdi, A., and Golzardi, F., 2012. Interaction effect of CO2 enrichment and nutritional conditions on physiological characteristics, essential oil and yield of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Notulae Scientia Biologicae 4: 121-130.

Tabassum, B., Khan, A., Tariq, M., Ramzan, M., Khan, M.S.I., Shahid, N., and Aaliya, K., 2017. Bottlenecks in commercialization and future prospects of PGPR. Applied Soil Ecology 121:102-117.

Tajik-Khaveh, M., Alahdadi, A., Daneshiyan, J., and Armand-Pisheh, A., 2011. Evaluating effect of biofertilizer on nodulation and soybean (Glycine max L) plants growth characteristics under water deficit stress of seed. Agroecology 3: 337-346. (In Persian with English Summery)

Tsubo, M., Walker, S., and Ogindo, H.O., 2005. A simulation model of cereal legume intercropping systems for semi-arid regions I. Model development. Field Crops Research 93: 10-22.

Vahadi, N., and Gholinezhad, E., 2015. Evaluation of drought tolerance of some soybean cultivars. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture 29: 1-9. (In Persian with English Summery)