Effects of Rotation Irrigation and Planting Distance on Rice Growth Indexes under Gilan Province Climate Conditions

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

• Kamyar Sabokrow Foomani ¹
• Saeed Seyfzadeh ¹
• Faramarz Ali niya ²
• Seyed Ali Reza Valad Abadi ¹
• Mohammmad Reza Yazdani ²

¹ Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch, Iran

² Rice Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran

10.22067/jag.v12i1.74890

Abstract

Introduction
Rice is a global important food and in Asia alone is the source of food for 3.5 billion people. Such demand for rice imposes a plan to find new technology and approaches to replace old production methods. About 75% of global rice production is practiced on low lands. At field scale, rice compared to other plants receive two or three times more water and based on some calculations, about 34-43 percentage of global irrigation water or 24-30 percentage of drinking water consumed by rice plant. In this situation, the most important challenge with regard to rice production, water storage, increased water productivity and rice production is less than water. Recently, rice production systems such as rice alternate irrigation, where less water can be produced, has been considered as rice increasing demand for water in industry and cities have imposed the reduction of water consumption for agriculture. Rice is one of the most sensitive plants against water scarcity as a floodplain plant and has the most need for water in the cereals. Rice has the highest crop area than other irrigated plants.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted as split-plot, using irrigation as main-plot at five levels (full irrigation, irrigation at ever 5, 8, 10, and 15 days), and planting distance as sub-plot at four levels (20x20, 25x25, 30x15, and 30x20 cm) within format of random complete block design with three replications. The study was performed in two years (2016-17, 2017-18) in national rice research center. Soil samples were taken to determine the soil tissue, soil water holding capacity, and some chemical characters including EC, PH, and amount of Ca, Na, and Mg. Within firs 15 days after transplanting, the rotation irrigation was not employed so the plant be able to establish in the field. The plowing was performed in two times. The first plow in the late autumn and early winter and the second plow were perpendicular to the first plowing in the spring. Fertilization was done based on long term local practice. Transplanting was done in may, 15 and at this time transplants were 20-25 cm height carrying 4-5 leaves. All traits including stem and leaf dry matter, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ration (LAR), relative growth rate (RGR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured and calculated. SAS and SPSS software’s were used for analysis of variance. Excel software was used for drawing slices.
Results and discussion
ANOVA results showed that interaction of irrigation and planting distance were significantly (P <= 0.01) affected leaf and stem dry matter, LDW, TDW and CGR Individual effects of each treatment significantly affected the LAI and NAR but did not affect LAR, LWR, RGR, and SLA. As light absorption i a limiting factor in crops production, then where is no other environmental stress, increasing light absorb will increase crop production. In contrast to other crops light capture competitions a major issue for rice. Increasing panting density, vegetative growth and LAI would be lower and as planting density decreases, due to availability more spaces, both vegetative growth ad LAI increased.
Conclusion
 In general, this study results showed that rotation irrigation significantly affected the rice growth indexes, and reduction levels of study traits depends on irrigation timing at growth stage. Planting distances showed that planting at 20x20 cm, provided the most optimum conditions for rice plants under different stress, the worst conditions resulted in 25x25 cm planting distance. At lower planting density, due to lower competition between plants till flowering time but after this stage, competition for photosynthetic materials increased among the seeds which can result in small dead seeds.

Keywords

• Water Productivity
• Competition
• Water use efficiency
• irrigation management
• Growth Rate
• Planting distance
• Rice

20.1001.1.20087713.1399.12.1.3.5

---

References

Abdi, P., 2003. Evaluation of economic yield of smallwater supplying structure in agriculture. Journal of Soil and Water 19: 301-302. (In Persian with English Summary)

Amiri, E., Razavipour, T., and Bannayan, M., 2011a. Evaluation of yield and water productivity in rice under irrigation management and plant density with use ORYZA2000 model. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 4(3): 1-19. (In Persian with English Summary)

Amiri, E., Razavipour, T., Farid, A., and Bannayan, M., 2011b. Effects of crop density and irrigation management on water productivity of rice production in Northern Iran: Field and modeling approach. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 42(17): 2085-2099.

Asadi, R., Rezaei, M., and Moatamed, M.K., 2004. A simple procedure to mitigate drought condition in Mazandaran paddy field. Journal of Drought and Aridity 14: 87-91.

Asadi, R., Shahin, P., and Ahmadi, R., 2003. Introducing new methods of rice irrigation in China. Journal of the Dryness and Agricultural Drought 13: 13-21.

Asghar, A., Tanveer, A., Choudhry, M.A., Sohail, R., and Akram, M.M., 2001. Growth and yield response of rice bean (Vigna umbellata) to different seeding rates and planting patterns. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4(4): 460-461.

Ashoouri, M., and Amiri, E., 2011. Water use efficiency in rice hybrid under different water intervals and nitrogen levels. Journal of American Scientist 7: 238-343.

Baloch, A.W., Soomro, A.M., Javed, M.A., Ahmad, M., Bughio, H.R., and Bughio, M.S., 2002. Optimum plant density for high yield in rice (Oriza sativa L.). Asian Journal of Plant Science 1(2): 114-116.

Belder, P., Bouman, B.A.M., Spiertz, J.H.J., Cabangon, R., Guoan, L., Quilang, E.J.P., Yuanhua, L., and Tuong, T.P., 2004. Effect of water and nitrogen management on water use and yield of irrigated rice. Agricultural Water Management 65: 193-210.

Bouman, B.A.M., 2007. A conceptual framework for the improvement of crop water productivity at different spatial scales. Agricultural Systems 93: 43-60.

Bouman, B.A.M., Feng, L., Tuong, T.P., Wang, G., and Feng, H., 2007. Exploring options to grow rice under watershort conditions in northern China using a modelling approach. II. Quantifying yield, water balance components, and water productivity. Agricultural Water Management 88: 23-33.

Chamara, B.S., Marambe, B., and Chauhan, B.S., 2017. Management of Cleome rutidosperma DC. using high crop density in dry-seeded rice. Crop Protection 95: 120-128.

Chauhan, B.S., and Johnson, D.E., 2011. Ecological studies on Echinochloa crus-galli and the implications for weed management in direct-seeded rice. Crop Protection 30: 1385-1391.

Clerget, B., Buenob, C., Domingob, A.J., Layaoenb, H.L., and Vialb, L., 2016. Leaf emergence, tillering, plant growth, and yield in response to plant density in a high yielding aerobic rice crop. Field Crops Research 199: 52-64.

Counce, P.A., Moldenhaure, K.A.K., and Marx, D.B., 1989. Rice yield and plant yield variability responses to equidistant spacing. Crop Science 29: 175-179.

Dhingra, K.K., Dhillon, M.S., Grewal, D.S., and Sharma, K., 1991. Performance of maize and mungbean intercropping in different planting patterns and row orientations. Indian Journal of Agronomy 36: 207-212.

Eydizadeh, K., Mahdavi Damghani, A., Sabahi, H., and Soufizadeh, S., 2010. Effects of Integrated application of biofertiliser and chemical fertilizer on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in Shushtar.

Journal of Agroecology 2(2): 292-301. (In Persian with English Summary)

Fagad, S.O., and De Datta, S.K., 1971. Leaf area index, tillering capacity and grain yield of tropical rice as affected by plant density and nitrogen level. Agronomy Journal 63: 503-506.

Ghobadi, M., Jahanbin, S., Motalebi Fard, R., and Parvizi, K., 2011. The effect of biological phosphate fertilizers to yield and yield components of potato. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science 21(2): 117-130. (In Persian with English Summary)

Grant, R.F., Jackson, B.S., Kiniry, J.R., and Arkin, G.F., 1989. Water deficit timing effects on yield components in maize. Agronomy Journal 81: 61-65.

Grigg, B.C., Beyrouty, C.A., Norman, R.J., Gbur, E.F., Hanson, M., and Wells, B.R., 2000. Rice responses to changes in floodwater and N timing in southern USA. Field Crops Research 66: 73-79.

Habibzadeh, Y., Mamghani, R., and Kashani, A., 2006. Effects of plant density on grain yield and some morpho-physiological traits in three mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) genotypes under Ahvaz conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Science 8(1): 66-78. (In Persian with English Summary)

Habibzadeh, Y., Mamghani, R., and Kashani, A., 2006. Effects of plant density on grain yield and some morpho-physiological traits in three mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) genotypes under Ahvaz conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Science 8(1): 66-78. (In Persian with English Summary)

Hoseini Monfared, R., Moradi, M., and Madandost, M., 2011. Comparison of flooding and alternating irrigation in rice cultivation. Agricultural Management Conference, Jahrom, Iran. (In Persian)

IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 2005. Changes in rice farming in selected areas of Asia. Los Baños, Philippines.

Johnson, D.E., Lee, P.G., and Wilmam, D., 1991. Experiments with upland rice in southern Belize: Fertilizer application, weed control, plant spacing, sowing rate and variety. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 116: 201-215.

Jones, D.B., and Snyder, G.H., 1987. Seeding rate and row spacing effects on yield and yield components of drill-seeded rice. Agronomy Journal 79: 623-627.

Katozi, M., Rahim Zadeh Khoei, F., and Sabori, H., 2007. Effect of irrigation management on grain filling rate and relative water content of three rice cultivars. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 47: 623-627.

Lebaschy, M.H., and Sharifi, E., 2004. Application of physiological growth indices for suitable harvesting of Hypericum perforatum. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi (65): 65-75. (In Persian with English Summary)

Makara, O., Basnayake, J., Tsubo, M., Fukai, S., Fisher, K.S., Cooper, M., and Nesbitt, H., 2006. Use of drought response index for identification of drought tolerant genotypes in rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Research 1: 48-58.

Miri, H.R. 2009. Grain yield and morphophysiological changes from 60 years of genetic improvement of wheat in Iran. Experimental Agriculture 45: 149-163.

Mohammadian, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Zarghani, H., and Yanegh, A.J., 2013. Morphological and physiological evaluation of intercropping of three elite sesame. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7(2): 685-693. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mostafavi, M.J., 2014. The effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Mashhad climate condition. MS.c. Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Nahvi, M., Allahgholipour, M., Ghorbanpour, M., and Mehrgan, H., 2004. The effective of planting density and nitrogenous fertilizer rate for GRH1 rice hybrid. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi (66): 33-38. (In Persian with English Summary)

Oozooni Doji, A., Esfahani, M., Samee Zadeh Lahiji, H., and Rabiee, M., 2008. The effect of planting pattern and plant density on the growth and radiation use efficiency of two cultivars of without petals and with petals rapeseed. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 9(4): 382-400. (In Persian with English Summary)

Pervaiz, A., Qayyum, A., and Akhtar, M.R., 1984. Economically optimal plant density at different levels of fertilizer use for irrigated rice in the Punjab Journal Agricultural Research 5(2): 71-77.

Pirmoradian, N., and Kamgar Haghighi, A.A., 2000. Rice water requirement and crop coefficient in Koshkak region in Fras. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resource15: 21-25. (In Persian with English Summary)

Raee, Y., Ghasemi Golozaani, A., Javanshir, A., Aliyaari, H., and Mohammadi, A., 2008. Effect of plant density on intercropping of soybean and sorghum. Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 12(45): 35-44. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rezaei, M., and Nahvi, M., 2005. Effects of different irrigation managements on rice water use efficiency in Guilan. Proc. of the 9th Soil Science Conference, Karaj, Iran. (In Persian)

Rezaei, M., and Nahvi, M., 2007. Effect of different irrigation management methods on water use efficiency and rice yield. Journa of Agricultural Science 1(9): 15-25. (In Persian with English Summary)

Saadati, N., 1996. Effect of drought stress on yield and water consumption at different stages of rice. Research Report, Iran Rice Research Institute Press, 18 p. (In Persian)

Saadati, N., and Fallah, V.M., 1995. Water Management in Rice Fields. Iran Rice Research Institute Press, 21 p. (In Persian)

Saberali, F., Sadat Nouri, S.A., Hejazi, A., and Zand, E., 2007. Influence of plant density and planting pattern of corn on its growth and yield under competition with common lambesquarterrs (Chenopodium album). Journal of Research Production 74: 143-152.

Shahin Rokhsar, P., Sharifi, N., Yaghobi, B., Kavosi, M., and Shakorirad, H., 2011. Effect of irrigation time and nitrogen level on rice yield (cv. Hashemi). Research Report, Iran Rice Research Institute, Rasht, Iran. (In Persian)

Soleimani, A., and Amiri Larijani, B., 2003. Rice Production Principles. Arvij Press, 303 p. (In Persian)

Surajit, K., and Datta, D. 1981. Principles and practices of rice production. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. Singapore. 618 pp.

Tabbal, D.F., Lampayan, R.M., and Bhuiyan, S.I., 2002. Water-efficient irrigation technique for rice. In: Murty, V.V.N., and Koga, K. (Eds.), Proc. of the International Workshop on Soil and Water Engineering for Paddy Field Management, 28-30 January, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.

Tarigholeslami, M., Zarghami, R., Mashhad, M., Bojar, A., and Oveisi, M., 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and water deficit stress on physiological indices of corn (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding 8(1): 161-174. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tuong, T.P., 1999. Productive water use in rice production: Opportunities and limitations. Journal of Crop Production 2: 241-264.

Van Iersel, M.W., 2000. Growth and maintenance respiration of Catharanthus roseus L. estimated from CO2 exchange. Journal of American Society of Horticulture Science Acta Horticulture 519: 133-140.

Van Iersel, M.W., and Seymour, L., 2000. Growth respiration, maintenence respiration and carbon fixation of vinca: a time series analysis. Journal of American Society of Hotriculture Science 125(6): 702-706.

Yang, X., Bouman, B.A.M., Wang, H., Wang, Z., and Zhao, J., 2005. Performance of temperate aerobic rice under different water regimes in North China. Agricultural Water Management 74: 107-122.

Yoshida, S., 1975. Factors that limit the growth andyields of upland rice. pp. 46-71. In: Major Research in Upland Rice, IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines.

Zafarian, F., Agha Alikhani, M., Rahimian Mashhadi., H., Zand, E., and Rezvani, M., 2009. Study of growth and yield of intercropping of maize and soybean in the competition with two weed of pigweed and cocklebur. Iranian Journal of Weed Science 5: 107-125. (In Persian with English Summary)