Comparison of water Requirement of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Fields of Hormozgan Province with other Southern Regions of Iran Using Time Series Analysis

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

• Farzin Abdollahi ¹
• Leila Jafari ¹
• Sara Asadi ²

¹ Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Iran.

² Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

10.22067/agry.2021.37593

Abstract

Introduction
Determining the precise water use efficiency is a critical issue in crop production temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration play an essential role in the hydrological cycle and crop production and as well as in assessing hydro climatological studies, plants water balance, water use efficiency, and water requirements measurements (Alizadeh, 2015). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the water requirement of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants in Hormozgan province and compare it with other southern regions that are adjacent to this province, including Ahvaz, Dezful, Fasa, Isfahan, Kerman, Shiraz, and Yazd, in a 47-year long period from 1967 to 2013, using time series analysis.
 Material and Methods
In order to compare the water requirement of tomatoes in Hormozgan Province and other southern regions adjacent to the province, crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation requirement (Irr.Reg) of Tomato was estimated in Bandar Abbas, Ahvaz, Dezful, Fasa, Isfahan, Shahrekord, Kerman, Shiraz, and Yazd. The CWR was acquired by estimating two components: reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc). ETo was calculated via the Penman-Monteith method (Allen, 2003). Time series analysis of total precipitation, average maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) and diurnal temperature range (DTR) during the growing season of Tomato was calculated by using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test (Mann, 1945; Kendall, 1975) in the studied areas during a 47-year long period from 1346 to 1392. The Pettitt test's presence of change-point in the series was also studied (Pettitt, 1979). It should be noted that ETo and CWR were calculated using the Ref ET and CROPWAT 8 software and the Man-Kendall and Petti test with r software.
 Results and Discussion
The results showed no significant trend observed in crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation requirement (Irr.Reg) of Tomato in Bandar Abbas, similar to Ahvaz, Fasa, Kerman, and Yazd. In comparison, the highest and lowest decreasing trend of crop water requirement was recorded in Dezful (with slope -5.42 mm) and Isfahan (with slope -1.56 mm), respectively. Also, the highest average tomato water requirement was observed in Yazd and Dezful (1135 and 1131 mm, respectively), while the lowest average tomato water requirement was observed in Shahrekord and Ahvaz (602 and 702 mm, respectively). On the other hand, high water requirement and irrigation of tomatoes in Dezful and Yazd can be attributed to an increase in the evaporation rate from the soil surface and transpiration from the plant surface due to the higher mean of the maximum (39 and 36.7 °C, respectively) and the minimum temperature (20.8 and 21.3 °C, respectively) and the sunshine hours of these two areas during the growing season compared with other areas. Bandar Abbas has the lowest water requirement and irrigation requirement of Tomato with the length of a growing season and growing season, similar to Ahwaz. In general, it can be stated that planting fall tomatoes in Ahwaz and Bandar Abbas is more cost-effective than summer planting due to reduced evapotranspiration. The t-student test results for comparing water requirement with irrigation requirement of Tomato showed that there was no significant difference between the amount of water requirement of tomatoes for all stations compared to the amount of irrigation requirement of Tomato due to the average low rainfall in these areas.
 Conclusion
By analyzing the time series of evapotranspiration and climate variables and plant sensitivities to the minimum and maximum temperature for germination and growing, it is possible to decide about crop planting in a particular region, so the highest crop yield was achieved by maintaining more water resources in the region. In addition, due to climate change and the importance of Iran's food security in a warm and dry climate, acceptance and spending on appropriate strategies to adapt crop planting systems to warmer and more humid climates and new irrigation systems are essential.
 Acknowledgment
Funding for this research was supported by Hormozgan University (Research Grant 96/6976).

Keywords

• Effective rainfall
• Mann-Kendall test
• Penman-Monteith method

20.1001.1.20087713.1399.12.4.8.6

---

References

Alijani, B., 2002. Variation of 500 hPa flow patterns over Iran and surrounding areas and their relationship with the climate of Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 72: 41–54.

Alizadeh, A., 2015. Principles of Applied Hydrology. 41^st Edition. Imam Reza University Press, Mashhad, Iran. p. 942. (In Persian)

Alizadeh, A., and Kamali, G.A., 2007. Crops Water Requirements. Imam Reza University Press, Mashhad, Iran. 807 p. (In Persian)

Alizadeh, A., Sayari, N., Hesami Kermani, M.R., Bannayan Aval, M., and Farid Hossaini, A., 2010. Assessment of climate change potential impacts on agricultural water use and water resources of Kashaf rood basin. Journal of Water and Soil 24: 815–835. (In Persian with English Summary)

Allen, R.G., 2003. Crop Coefficients. B.A. Stewart and T.A. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Water Science. Marcel Dekker Publishers, New York. p. 87-90.

Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M., 1998. FAO Irrigation and drainage paper No. 56. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 56(97): e156.

Asadi, S., Bannayan, M., and Monti, A., 2018. The association of crop production and precipitation: A comparison of two methodologies. Arid Land Research and Management 33(1): 1–22.

Asakereh, H., 2011. Fundamentals of Statistical Climatology. Zanjan University publishing, Zanjan, Iran. 550 p. (In Persian)

Bhojaraja, B.E., Hegde, G., Pruthviraj, U., Shetty, A., and Nagaraj, M.K., 2015. Mapping age wise discrimination of arecanut crop water requirement using hyperspectral remote sensing. Aquatic Procedia 4: 1437–1444.

Entz, M.H., and Fowler, D.B., 1990. Differential agronomic responses of winter wheat cultivars to preanthesis environmental stress. Crop Science 30: 1119-1123.

Estévez, J., Gavilán, P., and Berengena, J., 2009. Sensitivity analysis of a Penman-Monteith type equation to estimate reference evapotranspiration in southern Spain. Hydrol. Process 23: 3342–3353.

Ford, T.W., and Quiring, S.M., 2014. In situ soil moisture coupled with extreme temperatures: A study based on the Oklahoma Mesonet. Geophysical Research Letters 41: 4727–4734.

Ghahraman, B., and Taghvaeian, S., 2008. Investigation of annual rainfall trends in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 10: 93–97.

Ghodoosi, M., Morid, S., and Delavar, M., 2103. Comparison of detrending methods for the temperature and precipitations time series. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 1(2): 32–45.

Gilbert, N., 2012. Water under pressure. Nature 483: 256–257.

Gong, L., Xu, C., Chen, D., Halldin, S., and Chen, Y.D., 2006. Sensitivity of the Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration to key climatic variables in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) basin. Journal of Hydrology 329: 620–629.

Huo, Z., Dai, X., Feng, S., Kang, S., and Huang, G., 2013. Effect of climate change on reference evapotranspiration and aridity index in arid region of China. Journal of Hydrology 492: 24–34.

Irmak, S., Kabenge, I., Skaggs, K.E., and Mutiibwa, D., 2012. Trend and magnitude of changes in climate variables and reference evapotranspiration over 116-yr period in the Platte River Basin, central Nebraska–USA. Journal of Hydrology 420: 228–244.

Karl, T.R., Kukla, G., Razuvayev, V.N., Changery, M.J., Quayle, R.G., Heim, Jr. R.R., David, R., Easterling, D.R., and Fu, C.B., 1991. Global warming: evidence for asymmetric diurnal temperature change. Geophysical Research Letters 18: 2253–2256.

Kendall, M.G., 1962. Rank Correlation Methods. Hafner Publishing Company: New York.

Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Asadi, S., and Zareh, H., 2018. Evaluation of spatial crop water use efficiency in Khorasan Razavi province. Journal of Agroecology. In Press (In Persian with English Summery)

Li, Y.L., Cui, J.Y., Zhang, T.H., and Zhao, H.L. 2003. Measurement of evapotranspiration of irrigated spring wheatand maize in a semi-arid region of North China. Agricultural Water Management 61: 1-12.

Liu, C., Zhang, D., Liu, X., and Zhao, C., 2012. Spatial and temporal change in the potential evapotranspiration sensitivity to meteorological factors in China (1960-2007). Journal of Geographical Sciences 22(1): 3–14.

Lobell, D.B., 2007. Changes in diurnal temperature range and national cereal yields. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 145: 229–238.

Mavi, H.S., and Tupper, G.J., 2004. Agrometeorology: Principles and Applications of Climate Studies in Agriculture. CRC Press. 447 p.

Mann, H.B., 1945. Non parametric tests again trend. Econometrica 13: 245–259.

Marengo, J.A., and Camargo, C.C., 2008. Surface air temperature trends in Southern Brazil for 1960-2002. International Journal of Climatology 28: 893–904.

McVicar, T.R., Roderick, M.L., Donohue, R.J., Li, L.T., Van Niel, T.G., Thomas, A., Grieser, J., Jhajharia, D., Himri, Y., Mahowald, N.M., Mescherskaya, A.V., Kurger, A.C., Rehman, S., and Dinpashoh, Y., 2012. Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds: implications for evaporation. Journal of Hydrology 416: 182–205.

Onoz, B., and Bayazit, M., 2003. The power of statistical tests for trend detection. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 27: 247–251.

Pettitt, A.N., 1979. A non-parametric approach to the change-point problem. Applied Statistics 28(2): 126–135.

Shams, S.H., and Mosavi Baygi, S.M., 2016. Investigation of breakpoint and trend of daily air temperature range for Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Water and Soil 30(5): 1673–1685. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tubiello, F., Rosenzweig, C., Goldberg, R., Jagtap, S., and Jones, J., 2002. Effects of climate change on US crop production: simulation results using two different GCM scenarios. Part I: Wheat, potato, maize, and citrus. Climate Research 20: 259–270.

Wang, Y., Jiang, T., Bothe, O., and Fraedrich, K., 2007. Changes of pan evaporation and reference evapotranspiration in the Yangtze River basin. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 90: 13–23.

Yang, J., Qin, L., Mei, X., Yan, C., Hui, J.U., and Xu, J., 2013. Spatiotemporal characteristics of reference evapotranspiration and its sensitivity coefficients to climate factors in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 12(2): 2280–2291.

Ye, X., Li, X., Liu, J., Xu, C.Y., and Zhang, Q., 2014. Variation of reference evapotranspiration and its contributing climatic factors in the Poyang Lake catchment, China. Hydrological Processes 28(25): 6151–6162.

Yea, Q., Yang, X., Dai, S., Chen, G., Lie, Y., and Zhang, C., 2015. Effects of climate change on suitable rice cropping areas, croppingsystems and crop water requirements in southern China. Agricultural Water Management 159: 35–44.

Zhang, W., Yan, Y., Zheng, J., Li, L., Dong, X., and Cai, H., 2009. Temporal and spatial variability of annual extreme water level in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Global and Planetary Change 69: 35-47.

Zhang, X., Ren, Y., Yin, Z.Y., Lin, Z., and Zheng, D., 2009. Spatial and temporal variation patterns of reference evapotranspiration across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1971-2004. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 114: D15105.

Fan, J., Wu, L., Zhang, F., Xiang, Y., and Zheng, J., 2016. Climate change effects on reference crop evapotranspiration across different climatic zones of China during 1956–2015. Journal of Hydrology 542: 923–937.