Study of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Drought on Physiological Traits and Ultimate Yield of Cultivars of Oilseed Rape  (Brassica spp. L.)

Arvin, Pooya; Vafabakhsh, Javad; Mazaheri, Dariyoush

doi:10.22067/jag.v9i4.61808

Study of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Drought on Physiological Traits and Ultimate Yield of Cultivars of Oilseed Rape (Brassica spp. L.)

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

¹ Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

² Agriculture and Natural Research Center of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

³ University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22067/jag.v9i4.61808

Abstract

Introduction
Oilseed rape (Brassica spp L.) is one of the valuable oilseed crops which has been attracting attention in recent years. Iran is located in a semi-arid region, and water shortage has caused problems, namely providing drinking water as much as water supply for crop production. Not only does Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) make plant growth stimulating hormones like Auxin and Gibberellin but also can ease stress conditions by producing ABA. Consequently, considering the current water shortage crisis in Iran, we took three main criteria into account: the roles of PGPRs in increasing resistance to abiotic stress, relief of drought effects, and the importance of cultivation of oilseed rape. The present research has been compiled to study drought and some Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Physiological Traits and Ultimate Yield of Cultivars of Oilseed Rape.
Materials and Methods
The current study was done on the basis of two simultaneous experiments (under stress and non-stress experiments) during 2010- 2011 growing season at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station of Torogh, Mashhad is situated in East-North of Iran (36° N, 59° E, 1003 ASL ) . Two research sites (under stress and no-stress fields) were selected beside each other. This region has a semi-arid climate (annual rainfall 286 mm). The experimental design was factorial based on randomized completely block design with three replications in each experiment. The first treatment was Plant Growth Promoting Rizobactria, including B0: no inoculation (control), B1: co-inoculation (Pseudomonas flourescens 169+P. putida 108), B2: inoculation with P. flourescens 169 and B3: inoculation with P. putida 108. Second treatment was cultivar, including Hayola401 and Hayola330 cultivars belong to Brassica napus, Parkland and Goldrush cultivars belong to B. rapa and BP18 and landrace cultivars belong to B.juncea .Greenness index, plant height, relative water content, canopy temperature depletion , harvest index and final seed yield were measured in the present study as well. In addition, variance analysis (ANOVA) was performed using SAS ver. 9.1 software.
Result and Discussion
The examination of physiological characteristics including Harvest Index (HI), chlorophyll content, and Relative Water Content (RWC) showed that there is a considerable difference between location, cultivar, and bacteria cultivar. At the second stage of sampling, due to the reduction of cell water content and enhancement of concentration of cell content in stress field, the chlorophyll rate was enhanced in stressed locations. While findings in RWC showed that Pseudomonas putida had the highest percentage (64.23%), and no inoculation had the lowest RWC (60.32%). Therefore, inoculation treatment, specifically the individual inoculation in the study of RWC, could ease the effects of drought stress. Results of the final stem height were significant, only in cultivar level and BP.18 with 1.24m was the highest and Hayol 330 with 0.9m was the shortest cultivars regarding to stem height. Individual and interaction effects of bacteria with other treatments on harvest index were significant. In current study, it seems that application of bacteria treatments has caused better formation of final seed yield .There was a considerable difference between location, cultivars and interaction of location×cultivar regarding to ultimate yield. Final seed yield in non-stress location (1351.85 Kg.ha-1) was significantly higher than in stress location (535.38 Kg.ha-1). In the study of both morphological and physiological traits and final seed yield of the current research, Hayola hybrid showed more superiority than other cultivars.
Conclusion
It seems the individual application of either P. flourescens 169 or P. putida 108 leads to better formation results than two mixed strains of the aforementioned bacteria. In the current study, Hayola hybrids showed a better function in physiology and ultimate yield; therefore, plantation of these hybrids would be valuable even in water deficits as well as application of PGPR.

Keywords

References

Ahmadi, M.R, and Javidfar, F. 2001. Assessment methods and improvement of drought resistance in crop species of Brassica. Publications of Nashre Amoozesh Keshavarzi. (In Persian)

Ahmadi, A and Biker, A. 2001. Stomatal and non-stomatal factors limititions of photosynthesis in wheat under drought conditions. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 31(4): 813-825. (In Persian with English Summary)

Akbari, S., Kafi, M., and Rezvan Beidokhti, S. 2016. The effects of drought stress on yield, yield components and anti-oxidant of two garlic (Allium sativum L.) ecotypes with different planting densities. Journal of Agroecology 8(1): 95-106. (In Persian with English Summary)

Amani, I., Fischer, R.A., and Reynolds, M.P. 1996. Evaluation of canopy temperature as a screening tool of heat tolerance in spring wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 30: 119-129.

Aniol, A. 2002. Environmental stress in cereals: An overview. Proceeding of the 5th international Triticale Symposium. Poland pp. 112-121.

Antolin, M.C., Yoller, J., and Sanchez-Diaz, M. 1995. Effect of temporary drought on nitrate-fed and nitrogen-fixing alfalfa plant. Plant Science 107: 159-165.

Araus, J.L., Bort, J., Steduto, P., Villegas, D., and Royo, C. 2003. Breeding cereals for mediterranean condition: ecophysiological clues for biotechnology application. Annals of Applied Biology 142: 129-141.

Araus, J.L., Salfer, G.A., Reynold, M.P., and Royo, C. 2002. Plant breeding and drought in C3 creals: What should we breed for? Annals of Botany 89: 240-925.

Arvin, P. 2009. Study on physiological and morphological basis of yield difference between spring cultivars species of rapeseed. MSc dissertation. Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, Bojnourd, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Arvin, P., and Vafabakhsh, J. 2016. Study of drought and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on radiation use efficiency and dry matter partitioning in to pod in different cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agroecology 8(1): 95-106. (In Persian with English Summary)

Arvin, P., and Azizi, M. 2010. A comparison of yield, harvest index and morphological characters of spring cultivars of the oilseed rape species. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 2:1-41. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ashraf, M., and Rauf, H. 2001. Inducing salt tolerate in maize throght seed priming with chloride salt. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 23: 407-417.

Aston, A.R., and Van Bavel, C.H. 1972. Soil surface water depletion and leaf temperature. Agronomy Journal 64: 368-373.

Azizi, M. 1999. Study of different regims of irrigation and potassium fertilizer on some agronomic, physiological and biochemical traits of soybean. PhD dissertation. Agriculture Faculty, Mashhad Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Balota, M., Payne, W.A., Evett, S.R., and Lazar, M.D. 2007. Canopy temperature depression sampling to assess grain yield and genotypic differentiation in winter wheat. Crop Science 47: 1518-1529.

Bashan, Y., and Holguin, G. 1997. Azospirillum-plant relationship: environmental and physiological advances (1990-1996). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43: 103-121.

Bekie, H.J., and Brandet, S.A. 1996. Sunola response to nitrogen fertilization. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76: 783-789.

Berry, M.P., and Spink, J.H. 2006. A physiological analysis of oilseed rape yield, past and future (Review). Jouranal of Agricultural Science Cambridge 199: 381-392.

Clarke, J.M., and Simpson, G.M. 1978b. Influence of irrigation and seeding rates on yield and yield components of Brassica napus cv.Tower. Canadaian Journal of Plant Science 58: 731-737.

Dehghani, H., Malekshahi, F., and Alizadeh, B. 2010. The study of drought tolerance indices in some winter cultivars of Brassica napus L. Journal of Water and Soil Science 48: 77-89.

Diepenbrock, W. 2000. Yield components of winter oilseed rape (Brassicanapus L.): A review. Field crops Research 67: 35-49.

Foltz, C.R. 2002. Iran’s water crisis: Cultural, political and ethical dimensions. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics.15:357-380.

Hafeez, A.S., Hammad, M., Tahir, N., and Hussain, M.T. 2003. Physiogenetic aspects of drought tolerance in canola (B. napus). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 5(4): 611-614.

Iqbal, M., Akhtar, N., Zafar, S., and Ali, I. 2008. Genotypic responses for yield and seed oil quality of tow Brassica species under semi-arid envirmental conditions. South African Journal of Botany 74: 567-571.

Jensen, H.E., Svendsen, H., Jense, S.E., and Mogensen, V.O. 1990. Canopy-air temperature of crops grown under different irrigation regimes in temperate humid climate. Irrigation Science 11:181-188.

Jirali, D., Panchal, Y., and Patil, B.C. 1989. Studies on physiological and biochemical character in chickpea. Indian Journal of Plant Physiolgy 32: 240-243.

Jiang, Y., and Huang, N. 2001. Drought and heat stress injury to two cool season furfgrasses in relation to antioxidant metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Crop Science 41: 436-442.

Johnston, A.M., Tanaka, D.L., Miller, P.R., Brandt, S.A., Nielsen, D.C., Lafond, G.P., and Riverland, N.R. 2002. Oilseed crops for semiarid cropping systems in Northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal 94: 231-240.

Kafi, M., Nezami, A., Hoseini, H., and Masoomi, A. 2006. Physiology effect of drought stress by PEG on germination of Lentill genotype. Journal of Research and Construction 3: 69-81. (In Persian with English Summary)

Kafi, M., and Mahdavi Damghani, A. 2008. Mechanism of Plant Resistance in Environmental Stress. Publication of Jihad Daneshgahi Mashhad, Iran 472 p. (In Persian)

Khosroyar, K. 2011. The effect of selected strains of bacteria Pseudomonas family on yield and yield components of winter wheat in the Bojnourd region. MSc dissertation. Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Varamin, Iran (In Persian with English Summary)

Koocheki, A., Roohi, A., and Noorbakhsh, F. 2015. Effect of biological fertilizer on yield, yield component and oil content of three cultivars of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agroecology 7(2): 168-178. (In Persian with English Summary)

Lazcano-Ferrat, I., and Lvatt, C.J. 1999. Relationship between relative water content, nitrogen pools and growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L and P.acutifolius gray during water deficit. Crop Science 39: 467-475.

Lucy, M., Reed, E., and Glick, B.P. 2004. Application of free living plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Antonie van Leeuwen Hoek 86: 1-25.

Mathur, D., and Wattal, P.N. 1995. Influnce of water stress on seed yield of Canadian rape at flowering and role of metabolic factors. Plant Physiology and Biochemistery New Delhi 22: 115-118.

Molnar, S., Gaspar, L., Stehi, L., Dulai, E., Sarvari, I., Galiba, G., and Molnarlong, M. 2002. The effects of drought stress on the photosynthetic processes of wheat and aegilopsbinucialis genotypes originating from various habitates. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 46: 115-116.

Nagarajan, S., and Bansal, K.C. 1991. Growth and distribution of dry matter in drought tolerant and a susceptible potato cultivars under normal and water defict condition. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 167: 112-118.

Nazeri, M. 2005. Study of reaction of triticale genotype in water restriction condition in different stage of development. PhD dissertation. Agriculture Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ozer, H. 2003. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth, yield components of tow summer rapeseed cultivars. Europian Journal of Agronomy 19: 453-463.

Ohlsson, L. 1972. Spring rape and spring turnip rape seed sowing at close row spacing. Sevensk Frotiding 41: 25-27.

Paseban-Islam, B., Shakiba, M.R., Neyshabouri, M.R., Moghaddam, M., and Ahmadi, M.R. 2009. Evaluation of physiological indices, yield and its components as screening techniques for water deficit tolerance in oilseed rape cultivars. Journal of Agriculture Science and Tecnology 11: 413-422.

Pasha Poor, S., Besharati, H., and Zadbari, M.R. 2010. The effect of growth-enhancing bacterial inoculation on plant growth indices of maize. 11th Iranian Soil Scince Congress, 12-14 July, Gorgan, Iran. (In Persian)

Richards, R.A. 1978. Variation within and between species of rapeseed (Brassica campestris and B. napus) in response to drought stress. III. Physiological and physicochemical characters. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29: 491-501.

Reynolds, M.P.S., Nagarajan, S., Razaque, M.A., and Ageeb, O. 2001. Heat Tolerance. Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. CIMMIT Publication pp. 124-136.

Saharan B.S., and Nehra, V. 2011. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Life Sciences and Medicine Research 1- 30.

Sarmadniya, G., and Koocheki, A. 2013. Physiology of Crop Plants. Publication of Jehad Daneshgahi Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)

Salehi, M., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2004. Rate of nitrogen and leaf chorolophyl like as indeces in drought stress in wheat. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 2(1): 199-205. (In Persian with English Summary)

Schonfeld, M.A., Johnson, R.C., Carver, B.F., and Mornhinweg, W. 1988. Water relation in wheat as drought resistance indicators. Crop Science 28: 256-531.

Schutz, M., and Fangmeir, E. 2001. Growth and yield responses of spring wheat to elevated CO2 and water limitation. Environmental Pollution 114: 187-194.

Shekari, F. 2002. Study of effect of drought stress on phenology, water relation, growth, yield and quality production of Brassica spp. L. PhD dissertation. Agriculture Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Siddique, M.R.B., Hamid, A., and Islam, M.S. 2000. Drought stress effects on water relations of wheat. Butanical Bulleccin of Academia Sinica 41: 35-38.

Singh, D.P., Sing, P., Kumer, A., and Sharma, H.C. 1985. Transpirational cooling as a screening technique for drought tolerance in oil seed Brassica. Annals of Botany 56: 815-820.

Tarahomi, G. 2011. Effect of drought stress on physiological parameters in Salvia leriifolia Benth. MSc dissertation. Islamic Azad University, Mashhsd Branch, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Thurling, N. 1974. Morphophysiological determinate of yield in rapeseed (Brassica compestris and Brassica napus). 2. Yield components. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25: 711- 721.

Vafabakhsh, J. 2008. Study of ecophysilogical aspects of Brassica spp. L. in water defict condition. PhD dissertation. Agriculture Faculty, Mashhad Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Vafabakhsh, J., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Koocheki, A. 2009. Effect of water defict on radiation use efficiency in cultivars of Brassica spp. L. Iranian Agronomic Research 6(1): 193-204.

Wrigh, P.R., Morgan, J.M., Jessop, R.S., and Cass, A. 1995. Compensative adaption of canola (Brassica napus) and Indian mustard (B. juncea) to soil water deficits: Yield and yield components. Field Crops Research 42: 1-13.

Wright, P.R., Morganand, J.M., and Jessop, R.S.1996. Comparative adaptation of canola (Brassica napus) and Indian Mustard (B. juncea) to soil water deficit: Plant water relations and growth. Field Crops Research 49: 51-64.