Assessment of Required Growing Degree Days for Phenological Stages of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) based on BBCH-Scale in Different Cropping Systems

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

1 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

2 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

3 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

4 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Abstract

Introduction
Study the phenology of the medicinal plant is important to manage the timing of recurring plant primary and secondary material utilizations, seed collection, pest control, prevent harvested untimely and weed control. Based on the weather conditions each plant for completing its phenological stages needs certain amount of heat units. The use of special codes to describe Phenological stages of plants has a long tradition in agricultural science. This scale has a table of 100 sections from 0-99 designed for different phases of the plants’ growth. In this scale, the growth stages are divided into two principal and secondary stages. The principal growth stages are described using numbers from 0 to 9; each principal stage is divided into secondary stages through coding from 1 to 99. The objective of this study was to describe the Phenological growth stages of ‘Roselle’ based on BBCH scale.
Materials and Methods
Phenological stages of ‘Roselle’ were described and defined according to the extended BBCH scale. The experiment was carried out as strip plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Iranshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iranshahr, Iran (Latitude 27o 12 ' N and longitude 60o 42' E; 591 m above sea level), during the growing season of 2013-2014. The experimental factors were: four rates of consumption of inputs and agricultural operations require in different cropping including Ecological system (No-tillage + Disk +Leveler +Furrower + 100% Manure), Conventional systems with low inputs (One-tillage + 0ne- Disk +Leveler +Furrower + 75% Manure + 25% NPK), Conventional systems with average inputs (One-tillage + Two-Disk +Leveler +Furrower + 50% Manure +50% NPK) and Conventional systems with high input (Two- tillage + Two-Disk +Leveler +Furrower + 100% NPK) and wheat straw application as residue mulch in four levels (6, 4, 2 t.ha-1 and control). In order to recognize the different stages of Roselle, three plants were appointed in each plot and monitored during growing season. All phenological stages of Roselle from germination to senescence were recorded based on BBCH.

Results and Discussion
The extended BBCH scale considers 10 principal growth stages, numbered from 0 to 9. Starting at Germination (stage 0) and ending at the beginning of the rest period (stage 9). Based on BBCH scale, nine phenological stages were recorded for Roselle that included: (0) Germination, (1) Leaf development, (2) Formation of side shoots, (3) Main stem elongation, (5) Inflorescence emergence, (6) Flowering, (7) Development of bolls, (8) ripening of sepals and (9) Seeds Senescence. Growing degree days to reach each stage were 153, 1051, 501, 506, 583, 730, 892, 349 & 246, respectively. Due to the high temperatures during the growing season of Roselle, the plant phenological stages were occurred more rapidly and the plant reaches its physiological maturity. Despite the interesting characteristics of this plant (Heat and drought tolerance), a detailed description of the phenological growth stages of Roselle has never been performed. A precise description of the different growth stages of this crop will provide a useful tool for agronomic and research activities. In this Study, the description of the phenological development of Roselle was proposed utilizing the expanded BBCH scale.
Conclusion
Roselle plant phenology is described here for the first time, according to the BBCH General scale. The use of extended BBCH scale for Roselle is important for successful implementation of farm management practices including disease and pest control. Based on our results it seems increasing wheat straw on the soil surface increased water holding capacity of the soil and reduced soil temperatures, which causes delay in the occurrence of Roselle phenological stages.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran (code 31152).

Keywords


Agusti, M., Zaragoza, S., Bleiholder, H., Buhr, L., Hack, H., Klose, R., and Stauss, R. 1997. Adaptation de lechelle BBCH à la description des stades phenologiques desagrumes du genre Citrus. Fruits 52: 287-295.
Aiken, R.M. 2005. Applying thermal time scale to sunflower development. Agronomy Journal 97: 746-754.
Boyer, W.D. 1973. Air temperature, heat sums, and pollen shedding phonology of long leaf pine. Journal of Ecology 54: 420- 426.
Derschieid, L.A., and Lytle, W.F. 2002. Growing Degree Days (GDD). SDSU. College of Agriculture and Biological Science. Available in://agbiopubs.sdstate.edu/articles/Fs.522.pdf.
Dwyer, L.M., Stewart, D.M., Carrigan, L., Neave, B.L., Ma, P., and Bichin, D. 1999. A general thermal index for maize. Agronomy Journal 91: 940-946.
Gilmour, E.C., and Rogers, J.S. 1985. Heat unit as a method of measuring maturity in corn. Agronomy Journal 50: 611-615.
Gonzalez, F.G., Slafer, G.A., and Miralles, D.J. 2002. Vernalization and photoperiod response in wheat pre-flowering reproductive phases. Field Crops Research 74: 183-195.
Habekotte, B. 1997. A model of the phenological development of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Field Crops Research 54: 127-136.
Hack, H., Gall, H., Klemke, T., Klose, R., Meier, U., Stauss, R., and Witzenberger, A. 1993. The BBCH-scale for phenological growth stages of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Congress of the European Association forPotato Research, Paris p. 153-154.
Harrison, T., and Romo, J.T. 1994. Regrowth of smooth Brome grass, flowering defoliation. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74: 531-537.
Hernandez Delgado, P.M., Aranguren, M., Reig, C., Fernandez Galvan, D., Mesejo, C., Martinez Fuentes, A., Galan Saúco, V., and Agusti, M. 2011. Phenological growthstages of mango (Mangifera indica L.) according to the BBCH scale. Scientia Horticulturae 130: 536-540.
Holt, E.C., and Haferkamp, M.R. 1987. Growth of introduced temperature legumes in the Edwards plateau and south Texas plains. Journal of Range Management 40(2): 132-135.
Hunter, A.F., and Lechwicz, M.J. 1992. Predicting the timing of budburst in temperate trees. Journal of Applied Ecology 29(3): 597-604.
Iannucci, A., Terribile, M.R., and Martiniello, P. 2008. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on flowering time of forage legumes in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research 106: 156-162.
Jordan, L.G., and Haferkamp, M.R. 1989. Temperature responses and calculated heat units for germination of several range grasses and shrubs. Journal of Range Management 42(1): 41-45.
Keith, T.W. 2001. A method to incorporate phenology into land cover change analysis. Journal of Range Management 54: 1-7.
Khanal, R.R. 2005. Phyllochron and leaf development in field grown rice genotypes under varying thermal environments of a high altitude cropping system. Msc Dissertation, University of Bonn, Germany.
Kirby, E.J.M., Spink, J.H., Frost, D.L., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Scott, R.K., Foulkes, M.J., Clare, R.W., and Evans, E.J. 1999. A study wheat development in the field: analysis by phases. European Journal of Agronomy 11: 63-82.
Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 1992. Ecology of Plants. Publications Mashhad University Jihad, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Lancashire, P., Bleiholder, H., Van den Boom, T., Langelüddeke, P., Stauss, R., Weber, E., and Witzenberger, A. 1991. A uniform decimal code for growth stages of cropsand weeds. Annals of Applied Biology 119: 561-601.
Lorenz, D., Eichorn, D., Bleiholder, H., Klose, R., Meier, U., and Weber, E. 1994. Phänologis-che Entwicklungsstadien der Weinrebe (Vitis vinifer L. ssp. vinifera). Codierungund Beschreibung nach der erweiterten BBCH-Skala. Enology and Viticulture Science 49: 66-70.
Martinez-Calvo, J., Badenes, M., Llacer, G., Bleiholder, H., Hack, H., and Meier, U. 1999. Phenological growth stages of loquat tree (Eryobotria japonica Thumb. lindl.). Annals of Applied Biology 134: 353-357.
Meier, U., Bleiholder, H., Brumme, H., Bruns, E., Mehring, B., Proll, T., and Wiegand, J. 2008. Phenological growth stages of roses (Rosa sp.): Codification and description according to the BBCH scale. Annals of Applied Biology 154: 231-238.
Meier, U., Bleiholder, H., Buhr, L., Feller, C., Hack, H., and Heb M.2009.The BBCH system to coding the phenological growth stages of plants history and publications. Journal for Kulturpflanzen 61(2): 41–52.
Modir Shanechi, M. 1994. Plant Ecology. Imam Reza University Press, Mashhad, Iran 509 pp. (In Persian)
Munger, P., Bleiholder, H., Hack, H., Hess, M., Stauss, R., Van Denboom, T., and Weber, E. 1998. Phenological growth stages of the cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum l.) Codification and description according to the bbchscale – with figures. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 180: 143-149.
Muslihatin, W., and Daesusi, R. 2014. Effects of photoperiodism to the growth rate of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Journal of Technology and Science 25(1): 18-22.
Pasian, C.C., and Lieth, J. 1996. Prediction of rose shoot development: Model validation for the cultivar ‘Cara Mia’ and extension to the cultivars ‘Royalty’ and ‘Sonia’. Scientia Horticulture 66: 117-124.
Rajan, S., Tiwari, D., Singh, V.K., Saxena, P., Singh, S., Reddy, Y.T.N., Upreti, K.K., Burondkar, M.M., Bhagwan, A., and Kennedy, R. 2011. Application of extended BBCHscale for phenological studies in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Journal of Applied Horticulture 13(2): 108-114.
Reddy, K.R., Hodges, H.F., and McKinion, J.M. 1993. Temperature effects on Pima cotton leaf growth. Agronomy Journal 85: 681-686.
Reddy, K.R., Hodges, H.F., and McKinion, J.M. 1997. Crop modeling and application: A cotton example. Advances in Agronomy 59: 225-290.
Salazar, D.M., Melgarejo, P., Martinez, R., Martinez, J.J., Hernandez, F., and Burguera, M. 2006. Phenological stages of the guava tree (Psidium guajava L.). Scientia Horticulturae 108: 157-161.
Salinero, M.C., Vela, P., and Sainz, M.J. 2009. Phenological growth stages of kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa‘Hayward’). Scientia Horticulturae 121: 27-31.
Sanz-Cortes, F., Martinez-Calvo, J., Badenes, M.L., Bleiholder, H., Hack, H., Llacer, G., and Meier, U. 2002. Phenological growth stages of olive trees (Olea europea). Annals of Applied Biology 140: 151-157.
Sinclair, T.R. 1994. Physiology and Determination of Crop Yield (anonymous). Chapter 19. Published by: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America p. 587.
Streck, N.A., Weiss, A., Xue, Q., and Baenziger, P.S. 2003. Improving predictions of developmental stages in winter wheat: a modified Wang and Engel model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 115: 139-150.
Thompson, J.N. 1990. Coevolution and the evolutionary genetics of interactions among plants and insects and pathogens. In: Pests, Pathogens, and Plant Communities, J.J. Burdon and S.R. Leather, eds. Oxford, Blackwell p. 249-271
Wang, E., and Engel, T. 1998. Simulation of phenological development of wheat crops. Agricultural Systems 58: 1-24.
Wang, R., Bai, Y., and Tanino, K. 2004. Effect of seed size and sub-zero imbibition temperature on the thermal time model of winter fat (Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq.). Environmental and Experimental Botany 51: 183-197
White, L.M. 1972. Relationship between meteorological measurements and flowering of index species to flowering of 53 plant species. Journal of Agriculture Meteorology 20: 189-204
Wien, H.C. 1997. The Physiology of Vegetable Crops. Oxford. New York: CAB International 662 pp.
Zadoks, J.C., Chang T.T., and Konzak, C.F. 1974. A decimal code for the growth stage of cereals. Weed Research 14: 415-421.
CAPTCHA Image