The Effect of Chemical and Biological Fertilizers on some Physiological and Yield Traits of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Drought Stress in Saline Soil

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

• Mahdi Amiryousefi ¹
• Mahmoud Reza Tadayon ¹
• Rahim Ebrahimi ²

¹ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahre Kord, Iran

² Department of Biosystem Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran

10.22067/jag.v13i2.84128

Abstract

Introduction[1]
Considering prolonged drought condition in the country, water shortage, and water and soil salinity, some crop and current horticulture productions in the arid zone of the country face many constraints in terms of water supply for growth and yield loss. In this way, introducing new plants with high production yield is at the top of the agenda of the Iran Ministry of Agriculture to obtain high-quality production. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an annual plant originated from Latin America. In addition to high nutrition value, this crop shows considerable resistance against a broad range of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and cold; and can be cultivated in marginal lands. Considering inability of most agricultural soils in the country to thoroughly supply nutrients for plants, chemical fertilizer consumption in Iran is much higher than the global average. Thus, in order to increase nutrient use efficiency, fertilizer utilization should change to render essential nutritious available for plants during a long time. Using bio-fertilizer dissolving phosphorus and nitrogen stabilizer is an optimal cultivation method, which improves adsorption of nutrition by plants and decreases soil salinity, and environmental contamination caused by indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers.
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the chemical and bio-fertilizer effects on yield, yield component and some physiological properties of Quinoa under water deficit in saline soil, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial layout based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 crop season at Dastgerd area in Isfahan province. In this experiment four levels of irrigation (25, 50, 75 and 100 % of field capacity) as the main factor, and the combination of biofertilizer including control (without bio-fertilizer), Nitroxin, Biophosphorus and combination of Nitroxin, Biophosphorus and chemical fertilizer in two levels of no application and integrated application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers as sub-factor were considered. The average amount of water used in treatments of 100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity was 4204.1, 3427.2, 2665.6 and 2828.8 m³, respectively. Chemical fertilizer treatments (250 kg urea and 75 kg triple super phosphate fertilizer per hectare) were based on the results of soil test and fertilizer recommendation by the laboratory.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that in all fertilizer treatments with drought stress increment, measured physiological traits (total chlorophyll and leaf area index), and seed yield component including the number of clusters per square meter, seed number in cluster and seed thousand weight decreased, and consequently seed yield and Quinoa harvest index decreased. Under severe drought stress (25% field capacity irrigation treatment), grain yield and harvest index decreased by about 76 and 22%, respectively, compared to non-stress conditions (100% field capacity irrigation treatment). However, in all stress levels and both application and non-application of chemical fertilizers, simultaneous inoculation with both Nitroxin, Biophosphorus bio-fertilizers made the largest contribution to decreased stress influences and significantly increased all traits studied. The nitrogen fertilizer resources had the most effect on decreasing osmotic stress consequence in chlorophyll content, leaf area index and spike number per square meter. Therefore, since spike number is the main part of seed yield, it could be stated that nitrogen fertilizer applied in this experiment had the largest contribution to increase of seed yield. Phosphorus fertilizer resources available in this study also showed the highest influence to decrease in stress effects of 1000-seed weight. This could be attributed to nitrogen influence on vegetative growth and physiological role of phosphorus to generate flower and seed production.
Conclusion
Our results revealed that despite soil salinity of surveyed area, Quinoa can complete growth period even in a 25% level of field capacity (severe drought stress) and produce seeds. This highlights the high resistance of Quinoa to severe environmental stress conditions.
 

Keywords

• Biophosphorus
• Chenopodiaceae
• Leaf Area Index
• Nitroxin
• Osmotic Stress

20.1001.1.20087713.1400.13.2.5.6

---

References

Adolf, V.I., Jacobsen, S.E., and Shabala, S., 2013. Salt tolerance mechanisms in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Environmental and Experimental Botany 92: 43–54.

Alizadeh, A., 2008. Soil, Water and Plant relationship. Emam Reza University of Mashhad, Iran. pp.484. (In Persian).

Al-Naggar, A.M.M., Abd El-Salam, R.M., Badran, A.E.E., and El-Moghazi, M.A., 2017. Drought tolerance of five Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes and its association with other traits under moderate and severe drought stress. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research 3(3): 2456-2468.

Bahamin, S., Koochek, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Beheshti, A., 2019. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative productivity of maize under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences 12(1): 123-139. (In Persian with English Summary)

Basra, S.M.A., Iqbal, S., and Afzal, I., 2014. Evaluating the response of nitrogen application on growth, development and yield of quinoa genotypes. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 16: 886–892.

Bazile, D., Jacobsen, S.E., and Verniau, A., 2016., The global expansion of quinoa: Trends and limits. Frontiers in Plant Sciences 7: 622-631.

Biglouie, M.H., Assimi, M.H., and Jabbarzadeh, A.R., 2006. Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield and yield components of flue-cured tobacco. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 8(2): 184-200. (In Persian with English Summary)

Bilalis, D., Kakabouki, I., Karkanis A., Travlos, I., Triantafyllidis, V., and Hela, D., 2012 Seed and saponin production of organic quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for different tillage and fertilization. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40(1): 42-46.

Cocozza, C., Pulvento, C., Lavini, A., Riccardi, M., D’Andria, R., and Tognetti, R., 2012. Effects of increasing salinity stress and decreasing water availability on ecophysiological traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grown in a Mediterranean-type agroecosystem. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 199(4): 229–240.

Egamberdieva, D., Wirth, S.J., Alqarawi, A.A., Abd-Allah, E.F., and Hashem, A., 2017. Phytohormones and beneficial microbes: Essential components for plants to Balance stress and Fitness. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 1-14.

Enebe, M.C., and Babalola, O.O., 2018. The influence of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in plant tolerance to abiotic stress: a survival strategy. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnolog 102(18): 7821–7835.

Eppel, A., Keren, N., Salomon, E., Volis, S., and Rachmilevitch, S., 2013. The response of Hordeum spontaneum desert ecotype to drought and excessive light intensity is characterized by induction of O₂ dependent photochemical activity and anthocyanin accumulation. Plant Science 201(202): 74–80.

Fabre, D., Yin, X., Dingkuhn, M., Clement-Vidal, A., Roques, S., Rouan, L., Soutiras, A., and Luquet, D., 2019. Role of triose phosphate utilization in photosynthetic response of rice to variable carbon dioxide levels and plant source-sink relations. BioRxiv 1-23.

Fghire, R., Anaya, F., Ali, O.I., Benlhabib, O., Ragab, R., and Wahbi, S., 2015. Physiological and photosynthetic response of quinoa to drought stress. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 75(2): 174–183.

Gamez, A.L., Soba, D., Zamarreño, A.M., García-Mina, J.M., Aranjuelo, I., and Morales, F., 2019. Effect of water stress during grain filling on yield, quality and physiological traits of Illpa and Rainbow quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars. Plants 8(6): 173-188.

Garcia, M., Raes, D., and Jacobsen, S.E., 2003. Evapotranspiration analysis and irrigation requirements of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in the Bolivian highlands. Agricultural Water Management 60(2): 119–134.

Geren, H., 2015. Effects of different nitrogen levels on the grain yield and some yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 20(1): 59-64.

Gomaa, E.F., 2013 Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and bio fertilizers on quinoa plant. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 9(8): 5210- 5222.

Gonzalez, J., Gallardo, M., Hillar, M., Rosa, M., and Prado, F., 2009. Physiological responses of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to drought and waterlogging stresses: Dry matter partitioning. Botanical Studies 50: 35-42.

Gordillo-Bastidas, E., Diaz-Rizzolo, D.A., Roura, E., Massanes, T., and Gomis, R., 2016. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), from nutritional value to potential health benefits: An integrative review. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences 6(3): 1-10.

Habibzadeh, Y., Jalilian, J., Zardashti, M.R., Pirzad, A., and Eini, O., 2015. Some morphophysiological characteristics of Mung Bean mycorrhizal plant under different irrigation regimes in field condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition 38(11): 1754-1767.

Hinojosa, L., Gonzalez, J., Barrios-Masias, F., Fuentes, F., and Murphy, K., 2018. Quinoa abiotic stress responses: A review. Plants 7(4):106-138.

Hossini, Y., Ramezani Moghaddam, J., Nikpour, M.R., and Abdoli, A., 2018. Evaluating water uptake functions under simultaneous salinity and water stress conditions in Solanum lycopersicum. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture 32(2): 247-265. (In Persian with English Summary)

Iqbal, S., Basra, S.M.A., Afzal, I., Wahid, A., Saddiq, M.S., Hafeez, M.B., and Jacobsen, S.E., 2018. Yield potential and salt tolerance of quinoa on salt-degraded soils of Pakistan. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 205(1): 1-9.

Iqbal, A., He, L., Khan, A., Wei, S., Akhtar, K., Ali, I., and Jiang, L., 2019. Organic manure coupled with inorganic Fertilizer: An approach for the sustainable production of Rice by improving soil properties and Nitrogen use efficiency. Journal of Agronomy 9(10): 651-671.

James, B., Rodel, D., Lorettu, U., Reynaldo, E., and Tariq, H., 2008. Effect of Vesicular arboscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi inoculation on coppicing ability and drought resistance of Senna Spectabilis. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40(5): 2217-2224.

Kachout, S., Ben Mansoura, A., Jaffel Hamza, K., Leclerc, J.C., Rejeb, M.N., and Ouerghi, Z., 2011. Leaf–water relations and ion concentrations of the halophyte Atriplex hortensis in response to salinity and water stress. Acta Physiologia Plantarum 33: 335–342

Kaoutar, F., Abdelaziz, H., Ouafae, B., Redouane, C.A., and Ragab, R., 2017. Yield and dry matter simulation using the saltmed model for five quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) accessions under deficit irrigation in South Morocco. Irrigation and Drainage 66(3): 340–350.

Khorshidi, Y.R., Ardakani, M.R., Ramezanpour, M.R., Khavazi, K., and Zargari, K., 2011 Response of yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Pseudomonas flouresence and Azospirillum lipoferum under different nitrogen levels. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 10(3): 387-395.

Kocabas, I., Kaplan, M., Kurkcuoglu, M., and Baser, K.H.C., 2010 Effects of different organic manure applications on the essential oil components of Turkish sage (Salvia fruticosa). Asian Journal of chemistry 22(2): 1599-1605.

Koocheki, A., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Bakhshaei, S., and Davari, A., 2017. A meta analysis on nitrogen fertilizer experiments on cereal crops in Iran. Agroecology 9(2): 296-313.

Koyro, H.W., Lieth, H., and Eisa, S.S., 2008. Salt tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa willd. grains of the Andes: Influence of salinity on biomass production, yield, composition of reziaves in the seeds, water and solute relations. Tasks for Vegetation Sciences 43: 133-145.

Kranner, I., Beckett, R.P., Wornik, S., Zorn, M., and Pfeifhofer, H.W., 2002. Revival of a resurrection plant correlates with its antioxidant status. The Plant Journal 31: 13-24.

Lichtenthder, H.K., 1987. Cholorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Enzymology 148: 350- 382.

Mohammadpour Vashvaei, R., Ramroudi, M., and Fakheri, B.A., 2017. Effects of drought stress and bio-fertilizer inoculation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of marian thistle (Silybum marianum L.). Journal of Agroecology 9(1): 31-49.

Nasir Khan, M. Mobin, M., and Zahid, A., 2018. Fertilizers and their contaminants in soils, surface and groundwater. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences 225-240.

Panayiota, P., Kakabouki, I., Travlos, I., and Bilalis, D., 2014. Effect of fertilization on yield and quality of biomass of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and green amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 71(2):288-294

Parihar, P., Singh, S., Singh, R., Singh, V.P., and Prasad, S.M., 2014. Effect of salinity stress on plants and its tolerance strategies: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(6): 4056–4075.

Perchlik, M., and Tegeder, M., 2018. Leaf amino acid supply affects photosynthetic and plant nitrogen use efficiency under nitrogen stress. Plant Physiology 178(1): 174-189.

Piromyou, P., Buranabanyat, B., Tantasawat, P., Tittabutr, P., Boonkerd, N., and Teaumroong, N., 2011. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation on microbial community structure in rhizosphere of forage corn cultivated in Thailand. European Journal of Soil Biolology 47: 44-54.

Prager, A., Munz, S., Nkebiwe, P., Mast, B. and Graeff-Honninger, S., 2018. Yield and quality characteristics of different quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars grown under field conditions in Southwestern Germany. Agronomy 8: 197-216.

Pulvento, C., Riccardi, M., Lavini, A., Iafelice, G., Marconi, E., and d’Andria, R., 2012. Yield and quality characteristics of quinoa grown in open field under different saline and non-saline irrigation regimes. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 198(4): 254–263.

Rahimi, A., Moghaddam, S., Ghiyasi, M., Heydarzadeh, Ghazizadeh, S., and Popovic-Djordjevic., J., 2019. The influence of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers on agrobiological and antioxidant properties of Syrian cephalaria (Cephalaria syriaca L.). Agriculture: 9(6): 122-135.

Rajendran, K., and Devaraj, P., 2004 Biomass and nutrient distribution and their return of Casuarina equisetifolia inoculated with biofertilizers in farmland. Biomass and Bioenergy 26: 235-249

Sabbagh, S.K., Poorabdollah, A., Sirousmehr, A., and Gholamalizadeh-Ahangar, A., 2017 Bio-fertilizers and systemic acquired resistance in Fusarium infected wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 19: 453-464.

Stamenkovic, C., Beskoski, V., Karabegovic, I., Lazic, M., and Nikolic, N., 2018. Microbial fertilizers: A comprehensive review of current findings and future perspectives. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16(1): 210-228.

Tavousi, M., and Lotf-Ali, G.A., 2018. Quinoa cultivation and related research results. Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Ahvaz, Iran. pp. 40. (In Persian)

Telahigue, D., Yahia, L.B., Aljane, F., Belhouchett, K. and Toumi, L., 2017. Grain yield, biomass productivity and water use efficiency in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under drought stress. Journal of Scientific Agriculture 1: 222-232.

Wu, S.C., Caob, Z.H., Lib, Z.G., Cheunga, K.C., and Wong, M.H., 2005 Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: A greenhouse trial. Geoderma 125: 155–166.

Zayed, B.A., Elkhoby, W.M., Salem, A.K., Ceesay, V., and Uphoff, N.T., 2013. Effect of integrated nitrogen fertilizer on wheat productivity and soil fertility under saline soil conditions. Journal of Plant Biology Research 2(1): 14-24.