The Effect of Animal Manure and Humic Acid on Some Physiological Traits of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Under Irrigation Water Salinity Conditions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Mahboobeh Sardar
• Mohammad Ali Behdani
• Seyed Vahid Eslami
• Gholam Reza Zamani

Department of Plant Production and Genetics. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

10.22067/agry.2022.77656.1118

Abstract

Introduction
Salinity stress is an important abiotic stress threatening the production of cotton in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, which can be reduced by the proper use of organic materials. Cotton is the most important fiber product, which is widely cultivated for agricultural and industrial purposes in temperate and hot regions of more than 15 countries of the world. Although cotton is known as a salinity-tolerant plant, not only is the resistance to salinity limited in this plant, but different stages of development also show different reactions to salinity. One of the effects of stress is disturbing the nutritional balance in the plant. Proper nutrition during times of stress can partially help the plant deal with various environmental stresses. In this regard, by using fertilizers containing micronutrient elements, firstly, plant yield increases, secondly, increasing the concentration of these elements in agricultural products plays an important role in improving the quality of food consumption. Using organic fertilizers, especially organic and animal manure such as humic acid, can improve the performance and performance components of different products under stress conditions.
 Materials and Methods
To study the effect of manure and humic acid on some of the physiological qualities of cotton under salt water salinity stress, an experiment was conducted as factorial split plots (factorial split plot) in which different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m^-1) as the main factor and two treatments of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/100 kg of seeds) as sub-factor in 4 replications in a farm located in Boshrouyeh city in 1398 years. The software SAS (V9.1) and Excel were used to analyze the data and draw the figures. Means were compared using the FLSD test at a 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion
Analysis of variance results showed that the simple effects of three experimental factors (salinity stress, manure, and humic acid) were significant on all studied traits (on the relative water content, Electrical conductivity and membrane stability, chlorophyll a and b contents, and proline content). With increasing salinity level, increased proline content (286.5%), membrane Electrical conductivity (4.2%) and carotenoids (88.79%) and decreased chlorophyll a (20.7 1 %) and b content (39.38%), relative water content (23.16%) and membrane stability (13.54%). The application of animal manure and humic acid increased the relative water content, membrane stability and chlorophyll content under stress conditions, which indicates the modifying effect of these fertilizers in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress. The interaction effects were significant, too.
Conclusion
The results of this research showed that the use of water with high salinity, such as salinity of 8 ds.m^-1, caused significant changes in the physiological traits of the plant, including relative leaf water content, membrane stability, membrane electrolyte leakage, chlorophylls, and proline. With increasing salinity levels, the amount of proline, membrane electrolyte leakage, and carotenoid increased, and the content of chlorophyll a and b, relative water content, and membrane stability decreased. The application of animal manure and humic acid increased the relative water content, membrane stability, and chlorophyll content under stress conditions, which indicates the moderating effect of these fertilizers in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress. Considering the positive effects of using organic fertilizers in this experiment, it is recommended to test and investigate the use of humic acid during the growing season in addition to the use of animal manure before planting and the use of humic acid in bulk Thus, it is suggested to use humic acid and animal manure in cotton cultivation to adjust the salinity levels.






 



 
 

Keywords

• Chlorophyll
• Electrical conductivity
• Proline
• Relative water content

Main Subjects

• New, forgotten and underutilized plants

---

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

1. Ahmadi, M., Astarai, A.R., Lekzian, A., & Emami, H. (1400). Investigating the response of millet plant to the application of humic acid, silicon and mycorrhiza under sodium salt stress conditions of irrigation water. Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences, 3, 836-823. (In Persian with English abstract)
2. Alilou, A.A., Shiri Azar, Z., Dashti, S., Shahabi Vand, S., & Pourmohamed, A.R. (1400). Modulating effects of humic acid on germination and vegetative growth of canola plant under salt stress. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 4, 1-12. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/1001.1.23832592.1399.33.4.1.7
3. Ardakani, A., Armin, M., & Fille Kash, A. (2015). The effect of the amount and method of potassium application onfaM yield and yield components of cotton under saline conditions. Iranian Agricultural Research Journal, 14(3): 525-514. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/22067/GSC.V14I3.46135
4. Arnon, A.N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23, 112-121.
5. Aydin, A., Kant, C., & Tayrn, M. (2012). Humic acid application alleviate salinity stress of bean (Phaseolus vul- garis) plants decreasing membrane leakage. African Journal of Agriculture Researches, 7, 1073–1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.274
6. Bates, L.S., Walden, I.R.P., & Tear, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
7. Besma, B.D., Denden, M. (2012). Effect of salt stress on growth, anthocyanins, membrane permeability and chlorophyll fluorescence okra (Abelmoschus esculentus ) seedlings. American Journal of Plant Physiology, 7, 174-183. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpp.2012.174.183
8. Cameron, R.W.F., Harrison-Murray, R.S., & Scott, M.A. (1999). The use of controlled water stress to manipulate growth of container grown Rhododendron cv. Hoppy. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 74(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1999.11511089
9. Chen, W., Hou, Z., Wu, L., Liang, Y., & Wei, C. (2010). Evaluating salinity distribution in soil irrigated with saline water in arid regions of northwest china. Agricultural Water Management, 97, 2001–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.03.008
10. Chinnusamy, V., Jagendorf, A., & Zhu, J. k. (2005). Understanding and improving salt tolerance in plants. Crop Science, 45, 437-448. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0437
11. Davoudifard, M., Habibi, D., & Davoudifard, F. (2013). Investigating the effect of salt stress on cytoplasmic membrane stability, chlorophyll content and yield components in wheat inoculated with growth promoting bacteria and humic acid. Journal of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, 8(2), 71-86. (In Persian with English abstract)
12. Dong, H., Li, W., Tang, W., & Zhang, D. (2009). Early plastic mulching increases stand establishment and lint yield of cotton in saline fields. Field Crops Research, 111, 269-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.01.001
13. El-Baz, F.K., Mahamed, A.A., & Aly, A.A. (2003). Development of biochemical markes for salt stress tolerance in cucumber Plants. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 1, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.16.22
14. Farhoudi, R. (2012). Investigating the effect of salinity stress on the yield and physiological characteristics of nine wheat cultivars in the vegetative growth stage. Crop Physiology Research Quarterly, 20, 86-71.
15. Fatahi, S., Saidi, M., & Zare, M.J. (2016). Investigating the morphological and physiological responses of lettuce in combination with mushrooms. Piriformospora indica under salinity stress. Agricultural Agronomy, 2, 255-243. (In Persian with English abstract)
16. Fathi Saadabadi, M., Ranjbar, Gha. A., Zangi, M., Kazemi-Tabar, S.K., & Najafi Zarini, H. (2016). Evaluation of salinity tolerance of early cotton genotypes at the seedling stage. Crop Breeding Research Paper, 9(22), 109-116. https://sid.ir/paper/367236/fa (In Persian with English abstract) https://sid.ir/paper/367236/fa
17. Lichtenthaler, H. K., & Wellburn, A.R. (1983). Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, 11, 591 - 592. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0110591
18. Ghorbani, S., Khazaei, H., R., Kafi, M., & Banyan Ol, M. (2018). The effect of humic acid application in irrigation water on yield and relative yield of corn (Zea mays ). Agricultural ecology, 2(1), 123-131. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v2i1.7608
19. Gilik, B.R., Penrose, D., & Wenbo, M. (2001). Bacterial promotion of plant growth. Biotechnology Advances, 19, 135-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00065-3
20. Hasanuzzaman M, Oku H, Nahar K, Bhuyan MHMB, Mahmud JA, & Baluska, F. (2018). Nitric oxide -induced salt stress tolerance in plants: ROS metabolism, signaling, and molecular interactions. Plant Biotechnol Report scienc, 12(2), 77 –92. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816 -018 - 0480 - 0 .
21. Hashemi Fadaki, S.A., Fakheri, B., Mahdinejad, N., Mohammadpour & Vashwai, R. (2017). The effects of nano and nano biological fertilizers on the physiological, biochemical and yield characteristics of Hibisicus sabdariffa) under stress dryness to arable agriculture. Journal Crop Improvement, 20(1), 45-66. (In Persian with English abstract)
22. Hatami, E., Shokouhian, A.A., Ghanbari, A.R., & Naseri, L.A. (2018). Alleviating salt stress in almond rootstocks using of humic acid. Journal of Scientia Horticulturae, 237, 296-302. (In Persian with English abstract) https://civilica.com/doc/874769
23. JafarAghaei, M., & Jalali, A. H. (2013). The reaction of cotton genotypes to salinity stress in the conditions of Isfahan province. Journal of Production and Processing of Agricultural and Horticultural Products, 3(10), 1-10. (In Persian with English abstract) https://sid.ir/paper/521582/fa
24. JafarAqhaei, M., Zinli, A., Galshi, S., & Soltani, A. (2016). Study of some biochemical changes in cotton genotypes under saline water irrigation conditions. Iranian Cotton Research Journal, 4(2), 27-44. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org//22092/IJCR.2017.112855    
25. Jafari, Iranbakhsh A., Kamali K., & Daneshmand, F. (2021). Seifati. Effect of salinity stress levels on some Growth parameters, Mineral ion concentration, Osmolytes, Non-enzymatic antioxidants and phenylalanine ammonialyase activity in three genotypes of (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). New Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Journal, 12 (45), 63-85. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org//20.1001.1.24764531.1402.10.1.7.5 
26. Karimzadeh, J., & Yavarzadeh, M. (2014). Chlorophyll a and b changes under the influence of ascorbic acid and salinity stress, the second international research conference in engineering. Science and Technology Journal, 2(1), 12-28. (In Persian with English abstract) https://sid.ir/paper/855310/fa
27. Kaya, M., Atak, M., Ciftci, C. Y., & Unver, S. (2005). Effects of zinc and humic acid applications on yield and some yield components of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). South Dakota State University. Journal of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 9, 116–126.
28. Khan, M.M., Al-Mas'oudi, R.S.M., Al-Said, F., & Khan, I. (2013). Salinity effects on growth, electrolyteleakage, chlorophyll content and lipid peroxidation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). International Conference on Food and Agricultural Sciences, 55. http://doi:10.7763/IPCBEE.2013 .
29. Mane, A.V., Karadge, B.A., & Samant, J. S. (2010). Salinity induced changes in photosynthetic pigments and polyphenols of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle. Journal of Chem Pharm Research, 2, 238-242.
30. Mirghasemi, S. J., Shabdin, M., Rezaei, M.A., & Alishah, A. (2014). Investigating the effect of salinity stress on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, sodium and chlorine content of leaves in seven cotton genotypes. Iranian Journal of Plant Ecophysiology Research, 33(1): 29-37. (In Persian with English abstract) https://civilica.com/doc/1206241
31. Mohammadi Chiragabadi, M., Roshanfekar, H.A., Hosseini, P., & Maskerbashi, M. (2014). The effect of salicylic acid spraying on some physiological indicators of sugar beet under salinity stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Plant Sciences, 4, 604-591. https://sid.ir/paper/153658/fa (In Persian with English abstract)
32. Mohammadi, A., Bahmanyar, M., A., & Qajar Sepanlou, M. (2013). The effect of using plaster and manure on improving the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in wheat leaves and grains under salt stress. Scientific Journal of Agriculture. 36(1), 1-11. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org//20.1001.1.20081472.1394.13.1.21.1    
33. Mousavian Kalat, S., M., & Abbaspour, N. (2016). The effect of salinity stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of four rapeseed cultivars. Recent Findings in Biological Sciences, 4(2), 98-106. https://civilica.com/doc/1835028
34. Munns, R., & Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59: 651–668. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
35. Narimani, R., Moghadam, M., Nemati, S., H., & Pirbaluti, H., Q. (2016). Evaluation of salinity stress adjustment using humic acid and ascorbic acid in the medicinal plant Bader Shabi (Dracocephalum moldavica). Plant Research Journal (Iranian Biology Journal), 31(4), 397. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org//20.1001.1.23832592.1397.31.4.17.9
36. Osman, A.S.H., & Rady, M. M. (2012). Ameliorative effects of sulphur and humic acid on the growth, antioxidant levels, and yields of pea (Pisum sativum) plants grown in reclaimed saline soil. The Journal of Horticultural Sciences and Biotechnology, 87, 626–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2012.11512922
37. Rady, M.M., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Abdurrahman, H.A., & Mahdi, A.H. (2016). Humic acid application improves field performance of cotton (Gossypium barbadense) under saline conditions. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 26(2), 487-493.
38. Rahmati, Q.A., Astarai, A.R., & Khorasani, R. (2016). The effect of humic acid on pH, EC and SAR in the presence of cow and chemical fertilizers in Herat conditions. Journal of Soil Sciences, 2, 1-10. (In Persian with English abstract)
39. Ramek, P., Mehrania, M., & Ismailzad Bahabadi, P.P. (2013). Effect of water stress on some acclimatizing solutions and membrane stability in two species of spruce (Onobrychis radiate and Onobrychis viciifolia). Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 1, 1-16. (In Persian with English abstract) http://ijppb.lu.ac.ir/article-1-34-fa.html
40. Rashidi Fard, A., Cherm, Norouzi Masir, M., & Roshanfekar, H. (2019). The effect of humic acid and zinc application on some growth characteristics and antioxidant enzymes of corn seedlings under soil salinity stress, Iran Water and Soil Research, 9, 2403-2394. (In Persian with English abstract) https://sid.ir/paper/397984/fa
41. Rezaei, M., 2012. A review of research on the use of animal manures in agricultural lands of Iran, Journal of Land Management, 1, 68-55. (In Persian).
42. Roshni, Q.A., & Mirghasemi, S.J. (2013). Investigating the effect of salinity on some morphophysiological responses of 12 genotypes of cotton plants. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology 36, 57-47. (In Persian with English abstract) https://sid.ir/paper/367236/fa
43. Sabzevari, S., Khazaei, H., & Kafi, M. (2018). The effect of humic acid on the growth of roots and aerial parts of Scions and Sablan wheat cultivars. (Triticum aestivum). Journal of Water and Soil (Agricultural Sciences and Industries), 94, 23-87. (In Persian with English abstract) https://sid.ir/paper/119350/fa
44. Sabzevari, S., Khazaei, H.R., & Kafi, M. (2018). Investigating the effect of humic acid on the germination of 4 wheat cultivars. Agricultural Research in Iran 8(3), 473-480. (In Persian with English abstract) https://22067/JSW.V0I0.1731
45. Saha, P., Paramita, C., & Asok, K. (2010). NaCl pretreatment alleviates salt (Vigna radiata LWilczek). Indian Journal Exprimental Bioogy, l48, 593–600.
46. Sairam, R.K., Chandrasekhar, V., & Srivastava, G.C. (2001). Comparison of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat cultivars in their responses to water stress. Biologia Plantarum, 44 (1), 89-94.
47. Shariatinia, F., Karimi Goghari, A.R., Amiri Jabalbarz, F., & Soltani Nejad, N. (2013). Investigating the effect of humic acid and salinity on vegetative growth and some physiological characteristics of cotton (Varamin number). The First International Congress and the 13th National Congress of Agricultural Sciences and Plant Breeding and the Third Seed Technology Science Conference,5-1. (In Persian) https://sid.ir/paper/835279/fa
48. Shi, D.Sh.Y. (2008). Effects of various salt-alkaline mixed stress conditions on sunflower seedling and analysis of their stress factors. Environmental and Research Botany, 54, 8-21.
49. Sun, Y., Mu, C., Zheng, H., Lu, S., Zhang, H., Zhang, X. (2018). Exogenous Pi supplementation improved the salt tolerance of maize (Zea mays) by promoting Na⁺exclusion. Science Repro, 8(1), 1 –13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598 -018 -34320 - y
50. Tabatabaian, J. (2013). Investigating the effect of calcium in improving the damage caused by salinity stress in tomato plant. Journal of Plant Production Research, 2, 125-137. https://20.1001.1.23222050.1393.21.2.7.9  (In Persian with English abstract)
51. Tadin, M.H., Tadin, A., & Esmaili, S. (2017). Investigating the morphophysiological traits of cotton cultivars under the influence of humic acid in saline soil. Journal of Plant Process and Functions 7(23), 249-262. (In Persian with English abstract)
52. Taghizadeh, N. (2016). Molecular evaluation of allotetraploid cottons for salinity tolerance, PhD Dissertation. Sari University of Sciences, Agriculture and Natural Resources. Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)
53. Tuna, A.L.C., Kayab, M., Ashraf, H., Altunlu, I., Yokas, I. & Yagmur, B. (2007). The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grown under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59( 2), 173-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envexpbot.2005.12.007
54. Wanichan, P., Kirdmanee, C., & Vutyano, C. (2003). Effect of salinity on biochemical and physiological characteristics in correlation to selection of salt tolerance in Aromatic rice (Oriza sativa). Journal of Science Asian 29, 333-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2003.29.333