Evaluation of Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) (cv. Tarom Hashemi) in Conventional, Low- Input and Organic Farming Systems in Mazandaran Province

Erfani, Rahman; Pirdashti, Hemmatollah; Abbasi, Rahmat; Nouri, Mohammad Zaman

doi:10.22067/jag.v11i3.71872

Evaluation of Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) (cv. Tarom Hashemi) in Conventional, Low- Input and Organic Farming Systems in Mazandaran Province

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

¹ Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Rice Research Institute of Iran, Deputy of Mazandaran, Amol, Iran

² Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran

³ Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran.

10.22067/jag.v11i3.71872

Abstract

Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the second most important cereal in the world after wheat. Chemical inputs including fertilizers and pesticides are applied to paddy lands to enhance yield and control pests and diseases. Although, this crop has been cultivated organically in some parts of the world. Despite a lot of research, policy and public attention, only a small portion of the total agricultural land has been dedicated to organic farming. Due to the destructive effects of conventional agriculture on the environment through the excessive use of chemical inputs, switching to sustainable agriculture is increasing day by day. One of the pillars of sustainable agriculture is the use of organic fertilizers in agro-ecosystems with the aim of eliminating the use of chemical fertilizers. Organic rice cultivation is emerging as a sustainable alternative in Mazandaran province which has numerous capabilities to transit from conventional to organic agriculture. The present study, therefore, was designed to evaluate the quantitative and quality characteristics of rice in three conventional, low-input and organic agricultural systems in Mazandaran Province.
Materials and Methods
The present study was conducted during 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons in three different regions of Mazandaran province (Babol, Fereydounkenar and Amol cities). For organic, low-input and conventional agricultural systems, three, four and six fields were selected in these cities, respectively. Selected fields had been under the same agricultural system for at least the last three years. In organic agricultural systems, standard poultry manure and biofertilizers including Azotobacter and Barvar2 were used. Also, Trichogramma bee, sex pheromones, fungicides, and biological insecticides were applied to control the common pests and diseases. Furthermore, the weeds were controlled manually. In the low-input system, minimum amounts of external inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides were applied as compared to the conventional system. At the beginning of the growing season, the farmers were justified to apply all agronomic operations from the seedbed preparation to harvest in accordance with recommendations of the Rice Research Institute of Iran. Agronomic characteristics and physical quality properties including grain yield, conversion efficiency, hull percentage, head rice percentage and chemical properties including protein content, amylose percentage, and gelatinization temperature were determined. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and mean comparison by SAS 9.4 statistical software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that in two regions of Babol and Amol, the conventional and low-input systems had more grain yield than an organic system. Among three regions, the highest grain (4978.33 kg.ha-1) and biological (8532.33 kg.ha-1) yields were obtained in the Fereydounkenar region in the low-input system. Those yields were 4.73 and 2.80 percent, and 29.99 and 29.12 percent more than the conventional and organic systems, respectively. In terms of grain quality characteristics, despite higher percentage of protein content in 2015 and 2016 (6.27 and 1.04) in conventional culture, the maximum conversion efficiency (68.05 and 69.05) and complete rice percentage (64.70), seed length after baking (13.46), the least husk percentage (22.47 and 21.86), bran (9.47 and 9.08) and broken rice (4.00 and 2.14) were recorded in organic farming system.
Conclusion
In conclusion, low-input sustainable farming would be more appropriate because of its greater yield and less consumption of chemical inputs, which reduces expenses while increasing sales income. In terms of the quality, particularly conversion efficiency, however, organic farming was better than the other two systems. In general, in the present conditions, it is important to consider not only the grain yield but also the yield quality. Accordingly, low-input agricultural system could be recommended to the farmers, but in the long run, the organic agricultural system will be advisable to meet both food safety and environmental health. However, the decision, in this case, requires further studies and perennial experiments.

Keywords

20.1001.1.20087713.1398.11.3.23.2

References

AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th Ed. Washington DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1993). Methods of analysis for nutrition labeling, (Sullivan, D.M. and Carpenter D.E., Eds.), (Methods no. 985.29). Washington, DC: AOAC International.

Ashouri, K., Isfahani, M., Abdollahi, S., and Rabiee, B. 2014. The Effect of spraying organic fertilizer supplement on grain yield, yield components and quality characteristics of two rice cultivars. Journal of Cereals Research 3(4): 291-305. (In Persian with English Summary)

Azarpour, A., Amiri, A., Kashani, A., Khodabandeh, N., and Moradi, M. 2011. The effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of common rice cultivars in two locations: Rasht and Rudsar. Journal of Crop Production 4 (3): 218-209. (In Persian with English Summary)

Champagne, W.E., Marshall, W.E., and Goynes, W.R. 1990. Effects of degree of milling and lipid removal on starch gelatinization in the brown rice kernel. Cereal Chemistry 67(6): 570–574.

De Ponti, T., Rijk, B., and Van Ittersum, M.K. 2012. The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture. Agricultural Systems 108: 1-12.

Faraji, F., Isfahani, M., Kavoshi, M., Nahavi, M., and Rabiei, B. 2012. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and rice yield conversion in Khazar. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 13(1): 61-77. (In Persian with English Summary)

Fathi, N., Pirdashti, H., Nasiri, M., and Beneficent, A. 2017. Effect of temperature on grain filling stage on some quality characteristics of rice in Mazandaran conditions. Crop Production Journal 10(2): 141-154. (In Persian with English Summary)

Gharieb A.S., Metwally T.F., Abou-Khadrah S.H., Glela A.A., and El Sabagh, A. 2016. Quality of Rice grain is influenced by organic and inorganic sources of nutrients and antioxidant application. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova 49(4): 57-68.

Haefele, S.M., Naklang, D., Harnpichitvitaya, S., Jearakongman, E., Skulkhu, P., Romyen, S., Phasopa, S., Tabtim, D., Suriya-arunroj, S., Khunthasuvon, D., Kraisorakul, P., Youngsuk, S.T., and Amarante, L. 2006. Factors affecting rice yield and fertilizer response in rain fed lowlands of northeast Thailand. Field Crops Research 98: 39–51.

Jing, D., and Kaffman, W., 1979. Varietals differences in amylose content of rice starch. Food chemistry. p. 47-48.

Juliano, B.O., and Bechtel, D.B. 1985. The grain and its gross composition. In: Rice Chemistry and Technology. p. 17–57. Los Banos, Laguna: IRRI.

Juliano, B.O. 1985. Criteria & tests for rice grain qualities, Rice chem. & tech. the American association of cereal chemistry, USA .p. 443-524.

Juliano, B.O., Oñate, L.U., and Del Mundo, A.M. 1972. Amylose and protein contents of milled rice as eating quality factors. Philippine Agriculturist 56: 44-47.

Lauren, C., Leithen, P., M'Gonigle, K., Mace, C., Palomino, J., de Valpine, P., and Kremen, C. 2014. Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap. Proceedings Royal Society 282:1-7..

Li, Z., Wan, J., Xiao, J., and Yano, M. 2003. Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling physico-chemical properties of rice grain (Oryza sativa L.). Breeding Science 53: 209-215.

Little, R.R.G.B., and Dawson, E.H. 1958. Differential effect of dilute alkali on 25 varieties of milled white rice. Cereal Chemistry 35: 111-126.

Maleki, A., Bazar, A., Lotfi, J., and Tahmasebi, A. 2010. Effect of azotobacter fertilizer and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components in three bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Ecophysiology of Crops and Weeds 4 (16): 121-132. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mo, Y.W., Wang, Z., Liang, G.B., Qian, S. Q., Chen, G., and Gu., Y.J. 2004. Effects of various nitrogen applications on the quality of the progeny seedlings in rice. Acta Agronomy Sinence 30(3): 227-231.

Moslehi, N., Nikzad, J., Fallah Amoli, H., and Khairi, N. 2016. The effect of combined application of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers on some morphophysiological characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety of Tarom Hashemi. Journal of Crop Physiology 8 (30): 87-103. (In Persian with English Summary)

Niknejad, Y., and Prophetishti, E. 2011. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative parameters of Ratoun product of three different varieties of rice. Journal of Processing and Producing Food 1 (3): 17-24. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rajendraprasad. 2006. Organic Farming. Indian Farming 55: 4-6.

Rosniyana, A. 2004. Effect of heat treatment on the physicochemical and cooking properties of rice at different moisture contents. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science 32(2): 155–162.

Rosniyana, A., Hazila, K.K., Hashifah, M.A., and Shariffah Norin, S.A. 2010. Quality characteristics of organic and inorganic Maswangi rice variety. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science 38(1):71-79.

SAS Institute, 1996. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 6.12. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.

Salem, A.K.M. 2006. Effect of nitrogen levels, plan spacing and time of farmyard manure application on the productivity of rice. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 2 (11): 980-987.

Samonte, S.O.P.B., Wilson, L.T., Medley, J.C., Pinson, S.R.M.C., Clungand, A.M.M., and Lales, J.S. 2006. Nitrogen utilization efficiency: relationships with grain yield, grain protein, and yield-related traits in rice. Agronomy Journal 98: 168-176.

Sangeetha, S.P., Balakrishnan, A., and Devasenapathy, P. 2013. Influence of organic manures on yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and black gram (Vigna mungo L.) in rice-black gram cropping sequence. American Journal of Plant Science 4: 1151-1157.

Saydi, Z., Fateh, E., and Aynehband, A. 2017. Effect of different sources of nitrogen and organic fertilizers on yield and yield components of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.). Journal of Agroecology 9(1): 115-128. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sharma, P.D., and Singh, M. 2004. Problems and prospects of organic farming. Bulletin of the Indian Society of Soil Science 22: 14-41.

Srivastava, P., Srivastava, P.C., Singh, U.S., and Shrivastava, M. 2009. Effect of integrated and balanced nutrient application on soil fertility, yield and quality of Basmati rice. Shrivastava archives agronomy. Soil Science 55(3): 265-284.

Surekha K., Jhansilakshmi, V., Somasekhar, N., Latha, P.C., Kumar, R.M., Shobha Rani, N., Rao K.V., and Viraktamath, B.C. 2010. Status of organic farming and research experiences in rice. Journal of Rice Research 3(1): 23-35.

Surekha, K., Rao, K.V., Shobha Rani, N., Latha, P.C., and Kumar, R.M. 2013. Evaluation of organic and conventional rice production systems for their productivity, profitability, grain quality and soil health. Agrotechnology 11: 2-6.

Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D.J., May, M., Lewis, K.A., and Jaggard, K. 2005. An assessment of the energy inputs and greenhouse gas emission in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production in the UK. Agricultural System 85: 101-119.

Yadav, R.L., Dwivedi, B.S., Kamta Prasad., Tomar, O.K., Shurpali, N.J., and Pandey, P.S. 2000. Yield trends and changes in soil organic-C and available NPK in a long-term rice-wheat system under integrated use of manures and fertilizers. Field Crops Research 68: 219-46.