Plant Materials as an Appropriate Replacement for Reducing Environmental Risk of using Chemical Insecticides (Case Study: Colorado Potato Beetle)

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

• Akram taghizadeh sarokolaei ¹
• Mohsen Janparvar ²
• Gadir Nouri Ganbalani ¹

¹ Mohaghegh Ardabili University

² Ferdowsi Mashhad University

10.22067/jag.v9i2.41896

Abstract

Introduction
Natural and human hazards arising from the use of chemical pesticides to reduce pest damage are significantly increased. In this way, tend to use alternatives with similar efficacy and less risk like plant to control pests has increased. Therefore, it seems that plant compounds can be used as alternatives to chemical insecticides to protect agricultural products in the future. These compounds have no harmful and negative effects on nature and are safer than chemical insecticides; they decompose rapidly, do not remain in soil and water and have no effect on non-target populations. One of the important agricultural products around the world is potato and a major pest of it around the world and in Iran that damage the product is Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Nowadays chemical control is the most common method to control of this pest but causes resistance. According to the Colorado potato beetle resistant to conventional chemical pesticides for controlling them, in recent year tendency to use insecticide with plant origin become more for this pest.One of the most important plant compounds are essential oils. Due to the low risk of essential oils to humans and the environment and their insecticidal effect, we motivated to investigate the insecticidal effects of three important medicinal plants on Colorado potato beetle for reducing the environmental hazards arising from the use of chemical insecticides.
Materials and methods
Three insecticides thiamethoxam, diniteforane, imidacloprid were bought and three essential oils Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha spicata L. were gathered in spring then dried in shade at room temperature and for later use in special plastic bags were stored at -24 ° C. With Clevenger essential oils were extracted. In the spring and summer 4th instars larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say from potato fields of Ardabil plain collected. Investigation against this pest in a completely randomized block design with four replications under field conditions was done. Mortalities were recorded at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days after spraying insecticides and essential oils. The control plants were treated with water. Data analysis was done in SPSS16 software and the mean of the data was compared with Turkeys' test.

Results and discussion
Result showed that in this study thiamethoxam had greatest effect on fourth instar larvae of Colorado potato beetle. In 15 cc a.i./ha of thiamethoxam in the environment after 15 days 95 % mortality happen . Imidacloprid and diniteforane after 15 days have 68 and 73.6 percent mortality respectively. Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam are two most common Colorado potato beetle insecticides that are used by farmers. Diniteforane is not so common insecticides in country. Also investigated showed that essential oil of S. khuzistanica had greatest effect on fourth instar larvae of Colorado potato beetle. In 15 cc a.i./ha of S. khuzistanica in the environment after 15 days 90.2 % mortality happen . O. basilicum and M. spicata after 15 days have 48 and 46 percent mortality respectively. Data showed that essential oils are highly selective and because of their effect (actopamin receptor) usually have no adverse effect on mammals. These compounds in contrast to synthetic carbamates, organophosphouros, and pyretroid that have adverse effect on the environment and people are safe for the environment.
Conclusion
Therefore, using plant material is effective step for reducing environmental risk of chemical insecticides that used for agricultural crop in country. In order to reduce the environmental hazards caused by the use of chemical pesticides, we can say:
1- Limit the use of chemical pesticides.
2. Use plant materials that are safe for humans and creatures.
3. Promote and educate the use of these compounds among farmers.
Acknowledgment
Thereby researcher thanks and appreciated from the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili for doing this project.

Keywords

• Essential oils
• Risk
• Diniteforane
• Imidacloprid
• Thiamethoxam

---

References

Agricultural census. 2012. Agricultural census of annual crop during 2010-2011. Available at Web site http://porsyar.com/detail/1107721/article/6 (verified 29 may 2013).

Alyokhin, A., Dively, G., Patterson, M., Castaldo, C., Rogers, D., Mahoney, M., and Wollam, J. 2007. Resistance and cross-resistance to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Pest Management Science 63: 32-41.

Barcic, J.I., Bazok, R., Bezjak, S., Gotlin Culjak, T., and Barcic, J. 2006. Combination of several insecticides used for integrated control of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Pest Science 79: 223-232.

Cutler, G.C., Scott-Dupree, C.D., Jeffrey, H., Tolman, J.H., and Harris, C.R. 2005. Acute and sublethal toxicity of novaluron, a novel chitin synthesis inhibitor, to Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Pest Management Science 61: 1060-1068.

Dively, G.P., Follett, P.A., Linduska, J.J., and Roderick, G.K. 1998. Use of imidacloprid-treated row mixtures for Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chryomelidae) management. Journal of Economical Entomology 91(2): 376-387.

Hassannejad, S., Rasolian, G., Nouri-Ganbalani, G., and Tobeh, A. 2005. Study of Leaf Extract of Tomato (Lycopersicum sculentum L.) on Life Stages of Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)). In fourth Horticultural Science Congress, Mashhad, Iran, 8-10 November 2005. (In Persian)

Isman, M.B. 2000. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection 19: 603-608.

Kordali, S., Kesdek, M., and Cakir, A., 2007. Toxicity of monoterpenes against larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Industrial Crops and Products 26: 278-297.

Lamparski, R., and Wawrzyniak, M. 2005. Effect of water extracts from Geraniaceae plants on feeding and development of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Journal of Plant Protection Research 45: 115-123.

Moin Aldini, S., Zand, E., Kambozia, J., Mahdavi Damghani, A., Deihim Fard, R. 2014. Environmental hazard assessment by using insecticides registered in Iran with the EIQ index. Journal of Agroecology 6(2): 250-265. (In Persian with English Summery)

Mota-Sanchez, D., Hollingworth, R.M., Grafius, E.J., and Moyer, D.D. 2006. Resistance and cross-resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and spinosad in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Pest Management Science 62: 30-37.

Mozaffarian, V. 1999. Khuzistan Flour. Natural source research center and Khuzistan order, Khuzistan, Iran. (In Persian)

Nouri Ganbalani, G. 1987. Study the biology of Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in Ardabil. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 1: 1-9. (In Persian with English Summery)

Nouri Ganbalani, G. 2001. Insect Ecology. Mohaghegh Ardabili University Publication, Ardabil. (In Persian)

Nouri Ganbalani, G., Fathi, S.A.A., and Barmaki, M. 2010. Effect of some essential oils of plant on egg laying and feeding behavior of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Plant Protection (Agricultural Science). 33: 1-9. (In Persian with English Summery)

Osman, M.A. 2010. Biological efficacy of some biorational and conventional insecticides in the control of different stages of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlneata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Plant Protection Science 46: 123-134.

Pavela, R. 2010. Antifeedant activity of plant extracts on Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. and Spodoptera littoralis Bois. larvae. Industrial Crops and Products 32: 213-219.

Pedigo, L.P. 1999. Entomology and Pest Management. Prentice Hall, U.S.A.

Scott, I.M., Jensen, H., Scott, J.G., Isman, M.B., Arnason J.T., and Philogene B.J. 2003. Botanical insecticides for controlling agricultural pests: piperamides and the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 54: 212-225.

Shaaya, E., and Kostyukovysky, M. 2006. Essential oils: potency against stored product insects and mode of action. Available at http://www.stewartpostharvest.com/

Sheibani Tazraji, Z., and Pourmirza, A. 2009. Study the biology of Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Journal of Biology of Azad University of Garmsar 4: 53-60. (In Persian with English Summary)

Talebi Jahroomi, K. 2011. Toxicology of Pesticides, University of Tehran Publication, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

Taghizadeh Saroukolai, A., and Nouri Ganbalani, G. 2012. Efficacy of medicinal plant of basil, Ocimum basilicum L. on developmental stages of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). In: Proceeding of 3th Iranian Agricultural Biotechnology Congress, Mashhad, Iran, 3-5 Septamber p. 87. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tisler, A.M., and Zehnder, G.W. 1990. Insecticide resistance in the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on the eastern shore of Virginia. Journal of Economical Entomology 83: 666-677.