Improving the Quantitative, Qualitative and Agronomic Phosphorus Efficiency of Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Student of Crop Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

2 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
 One of the most important issues in improving the growth and increasing the yield of oil plants is proper nutrition and providing the nutrients needed by the plant during the growing season. Today, the use of biofertilizers in agriculture is considered as an effective way to reduce the consumption of chemical inputs to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of plants, using beneficial soil microorganisms. Among these organisms, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can be mentioned, which can increase the phosphorus uptake efficiency of plants. According to reports, humic acid is a stimulant of plant growth mainly by changing the root structure and growth dynamics, increases the root size, branching and its density.
 
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted at the agricultural research station, Bu-Ali Sina University in 2020 growing season. The employed soybean cultivar was Habit. This factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experiment factors were two levels of phosphorus fertilizer including application and non-application, biophosphate including inoculated and non-inoculated and foliar application of humic acid including 0, 2 and 4 g/l (during two stages of 15 and 30 days after emergence at the rate of 250 liters per hectare). In the present study, the interaction effect of humic acid and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer was evaluated on phosphorus agronomic efficiency, water use efficiency, yield, yield components and quality characteristics of soybean. In this study, after checking the residual normality of the data, SAS software (Ver. 9.1) was used to analyze the variance of the data. Also to compare the means, Duncan's multiple range test at the level of 5% probability was used.
 
Results and Discussion
    The results showed that with phosphorus fertilizer application, simultaneous use of biophosphate and humic acid increased plant height (19.2%), biological yield (28.8%) and number of pods per plant (20.4%) compared to the lack of biophosphate and humic acid conditions. For the treatment level of non-use of phosphorus fertilizer and use of biophosphate, foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid compared to 2 g/l increased the biological yield of soybean by 13.9%. 1000-grain weight of soybeans in phosphorus fertilizer application conditions did not show a significant difference between humic acid levels, but in non-phosphorus fertilizer conditions, foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid caused a significant increase in 1000-grain weight compared to non-humic acid treatment. It seems that the application of humic acid has strengthened the relationship of the plant with phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Also the number of grains per pod of soybean increased by 14.6% with the use of biophosphate and 16.8% with the foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid compared to the conditions of no-application of any of them. Applicatin of 4 g/l of humic acid and application of biophosphate increased grain yield by 27.3% and 26.4%, respectively. The highest percentage of seed oil (23.21) was obtained in the absence of phosphorus fertilizer and simultaneous application of 4 g/l of humic acid and biophosphate, while the highest percentage of grain protein (51.3) was obtained in the presence of phosphorus fertilizer, 4 g/l of humic acid and no biophosphate. In the absence of available phosphorus in the soil, the application of biophosphate takes precedence over foliar application of humic acid. This is evident as, without biophosphate application, there was no significant difference in the percentage of seed oil across various levels of humic acid. When biophosphate and humic acid were used in combination, compared to the sole use of biophosphate, the individual application of 4 g/l and 2 g/l of humic acid increased phosphorus agronomic efficiency by 21.1%, 35.7%, and 48.3%, respectively. The results indicate that the combined use of biophosphate and foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid, in comparison to their absence, improved the water use efficiency of soybean by 25% and 26%, respectively.
Conclusion
Therefore, simultaneous application of 4 g/l of humic acid and biophosphate can improve growth, yield and increase soybean phosphorus agronomic efficiency and water use efficiency. However, to achieve a higher percentage of seed oil, the use of 4 g/l of humic acid alone is recommended.

Keywords

Main Subjects


©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

  1. Ali, A.Y.A., Ibrahim, M.E.H., Zhou, G., Elsiddig, A.M.I., Jiao, X., Zhu, G., & Gabralla, E. (2021). Humic acid and jasmonic acid improves the growth and antioxidant defense system in salt stressed-forage sorghum plants. Research Journal Agriculture Biotechnology Science, 22, 771-782. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-490134/v1 .
  2. Azami-Atajan, F., Hammami, H., & Yaghoubzadeh, M. (2020). The application of plant growth promoting microorganisms and phosphate fertilizers on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of wheat at levels of irrigation water. Journal of Crop Production, 12(4), 1-24. (In Persian). DOI: 10.22069/EJCP.2020.17166.2268
  3. Baldotto, L.E.B., Baldotto, M.A., Giro, V.B., Canellas, L.P., Olivares, F.L., & Bressan-Smith, B. (2009). Performance of ‘vitória’ pineapple in response to humic acid application during acclimatization. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 33, 979-990.
  4. Canellas, L.P., & Olivares, F.L. (2014). Physiological responses to humic substances as plant growth promoter. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 1, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/2196-5641-1-3 .
  5. De Hita, D., Fuentes, M., Zamarreno, A.M., Ruiz, Y., & Garcia-Mina, J.M. (2020). Culturable bacterial endophytes from sedimentary humic acid-treated plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 837. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00837 .
  6. Dehsheikh, A.B., Sourestani, M.M., Zolfaghari, M., & Enayatizamir, N. (2020). Changes in soil microbial activity, essential oil quantity, and quality of Thai basil as response to biofertilizers and humic acid. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120439 .
  7. El-Sheshtawy, A.A., Hager, M.A., & Shawer, S.S. (2019). Effect of bio-fertilizer, phosphorus source and humic substances on yield, yield components and nutrients uptake by barley plant. Journal of Biological Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, 14, 279-300.
  8. Ghaly, F.A., Abd-Elhamied, A.S., & Shalaby, N.S. (2020). Effect of bio-fertilizer, organic and mineral fertilizers on soybean yield and nutrients uptake under sandy soil conditions. Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 11(11), 653-660. DOI: 10.21608/jssae.2020.135739 .
  9. Ghasemi, E., Tavakoli, M.R., & Zabihi, H.R. (2012). The effect of nitrogen, potassium and humic acid on vegetative growth, uptake of nitrogen and potassium in potato mini-tubers under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, 8(1), 56-39.
  10. Quaggiotti, S., Ruperti, B., Pizzeghello, D., Francioso, O., Tugnoli, V., & Nardi, S. (2004). Effect of low molecular size humic substances on nitrate uptake and expression of genes involved in nitrate transport in maize (Zea mays). Journal of Experimental Botany, 55(398), 803-13. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh085 .
  11. Hassan, W., Bashir, S., Hanif, S., Sher, A., Sattar, A., Wasaya, A., & Hussain, M. (2017). Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and growth and productivity of mung bean (Vigna radiata). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 49(3), 331-336.
  12. Jindo, K., Canellas, L.P., Albacete, A., Figueiredo dos Santos, L., Frinhani Rocha, R.L., Carvalho Baia, D., & Olivares, F.L. (2020). Interaction between humic substances and plant hormones for phosphorous acquisition. Agronomy, 10(5), 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050640 .
  13. Khan, B.A., Hussain, A., Elahi, A., Adnan, M., Amin, M.M., Toor, M.D. & Ahmad, R. (2020). Effect of phosphorus on growth, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max); A review. International Journal of Applied Research, 6(7), 540-545.
  14. Lingaraju, N.N., Hunshal, C.S., & Salakinkop, S.R. (2016). Effect of biofertilizers and foliar application of organic acids on yield, nutrient uptake and soil microbial activity in soybean. Legume Research, 39(2), 123-134. DOI: 10.18805/lr.v0iOF.6784 .
  15. Liu, J., Qi, W., Li, Q., Wang, S.G., Song, C., & Yuan, X.Z. (2020). Exogenous phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria changed the rhizosphere microbial community indirectly. 3 Biotech, 10(4), 1-11. DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2099-4 .
  16. Lombardo, M.C., & Lamattina, L. (2012). Nitric oxide is essential for vesicle formation and trafficking in arabidopsis root hair growth. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63, 4875-4885. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers166 .
  17. Lusiba, S., Odhiambo, J., & Ogola, J. (2018). Growth, yield and water use efficiency of chickpea (Cicer arietinum): response to biochar and phosphorus fertilizer application. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 64(6), 819-833. DOI: 10.1080/03650340.2017.1407027 .
  18. Maes, Sh., De Reu, K., Van Weyenberg, S., Lories, B., Heyndrickx, M., & Steenackers, H. (2020). Pseudomonas putida as a potential biocontrol agent against Salmonella Java biofilm formation in the drinking water system of broiler houses. BMC Microbiology, 20, 373. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-02046-5.
  19. Mahmood, Y.A., Ahmed, F.W., Mohammed, I.Q., & Wheib, K.A. (2020). Effect of organic, mineral fertilizers and foliar application of humic acid on growth and yield of corn (Zea mays). Indian Journal of Ecology, 47(10), 39-44.
  20. Malakouti, M.J. (2014). Optimal Fertilizer Use Recommendation for Agricultural Products in Iran. Mobaleghan Press, 318 p. ISBN: 9789642614950.
  21. Manzoor, S., Rasheed, M., Jilani, G., Ullah, M.A., Hussain, S.S., Asadullah, M., & Shaheer, G. (2021). Integration of phosphate solubilising bacteria, sulphur oxidizing bacteria with NPK on maize (Zea mays). Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series B: Biological Sciences, 64(1), 43-48. DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.43.48 .
  22. Matuszak-Slamani, R., Bejger, R., Ciesla, J., Bieganowski, A., Koczanska, M., Gawlik, A., & Golębiowska, D. (2017). Influence of humic acid molecular fractions on growth and development of soybean seedlings under salt stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 83(3), 465-477. DOI: 10.1007/s10725-017-0312-1.
  23. Mazaheri,, & Majnon Hoseini, N. (2001). Fundamental of Agronomy. Tehran University Press, 320 p. (In Persian)
  24. Mohammadi, G.R., Chatrnour, S., Jalali-honarmand, S., & Kahrizi, D. (2015). The effects of planting arrangement and phosphate biofertilizer on soybean under different weed interference periods. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 105(2), 313-322.‏ DOI: 10.14720/aas.2015.105.2.14.
  25. Nadir, B., Muhammad, Y., Wajid, P. A., Shah, F., Bashir, U., Ghulam, Q., & Ahmed, Z.I. (2014). Integrated effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and humic acid on physiomorphic attributes of maize. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(6), 549-554.
  26. Narula, N., Kumar, V., Bel, R.K., Deubel, A., Gransee, A., & Merbach, W. (2000). Effect of P-solubilizing Azotobacter chroococcum on N, P and K uptake in P-responsive wheat genotypes grown under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 163, 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2624 .
  27. Niazy, M., Khafagy, H., & Helal, R. (2016). Phosphorus efficiency in wheat as affected by foliar spray with zinc, humic acid and biofertilizer (Bacillus megatherium) addition under calcareous soil conditions. Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 7(8), 529-539. DOI: 10.21608/JSSAE.2016.39767.
  28. Parvizi, Y., & Nabati, E. (2004). The effect of irrigation cycle and livestock manure on water use efficiency and quantitative and qualitative yield of grain corn. Journal of Research and Construction, 63, 21-29.
  29. Quaggiotti, S., Ruperti B., Pizzeghello, D., Francioso, O., Tugnoli, & V., Nardi, S. (2004). Effect of low molecular size humic substances on nitrate uptake and expression of genes involved in nitrate transport in maize (Zea mays). Journal of Experimental Botany, 55(398), 803-813.
  30. Sadeghi, F., & Aboutalebian, M.A. (2019). Response of seed and oil yields and phosphorus agronomic efficiency of soybean to simultaneous placement of nitrogen with phosphorus under drought stress. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 9, 191-204. (In Persian). DOI: 10.47176/jcpp.9.3.26305.
  31. Sarwar, M., Hyder, S.I., Akhtar, M.E., Tabassam, T., & Malik, S.R. (2014). Integrated effects of humic acid and biofertilizer on yield and phosphorus use efficiency in mungbean under rainfed condition. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 040-046.
  32. Siswana, S.R., Sembiring, M., & Hanum, H. (2019). The effect of phosphate solubilizing microbes and chicken manure in increasing the P availability and growth of green beans (Phaseolus radiatus) on Andisol. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 260(1), 012160. IOP Publishing. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/260/1/012160.
  33. Turuko, M., & Mohammed, A. (2014). Effect of different phosphorus fertilizer rates on growth, dry matter yield and yield components of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(3), 88-92. DOI: 10.12691/wjar-2-3-1.
  34. Winarso, S., Sulistyanto, D., & Eko, H. (2017). Effects of humic compounds and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus availability in an acid soil. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 3(7), 232-240.
  35. Yousefi, A., Mirzaeitalarposhti, R., Aghamir, F.S., & Nabati, J. (2020). Effect of nitrogen fixating, potassium and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on mungbean (Vigna radiata) yield and components yield. Environmental Sciences, 18(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.29252/envs.18.3.1.
  36. Zaki, N.M., Hassanein, A.G.A.M., & Mohamed, M.H. (2017). Effect of organic and bio-fertilizer on yield and some chemical composition of two peanut cultivars under newly reclaimed sandy soil condition. Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(4), 937-943.
  37. Zandonadi, D.B., Canellas, L.P., & Façanha, A.R. (2007). Indolacetic and humic acids induce lateral root development through a concerted plasmalemma and tonoplast H+pumps activation. Planta, 225, 1583-1595. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0454-2.

 

 

CAPTCHA Image
Volume 15, Issue 4 - Serial Number 58
December 2024
Pages 769-787
  • Receive Date: 19 February 2022
  • Revise Date: 05 June 2022
  • Accept Date: 07 June 2022
  • First Publish Date: 07 June 2022