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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction In recent years, the heightened concentration of greenhouse gases has brought increased attention to the pressing issue of climate change. Therefore, monitoring climatic variables to prevent the adverse effects of climate change is more important than ever. In pursuing long-term climatic forecasting and assessing their evolving patterns; various international scientific societies have concentrated on understanding the extent of climate change and devising measures to counter its...
Topics: Geographic information system (GIS), Precipitation, Temperature, Zoning
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction: Water is considered one of the main factors driving agricultural activities. It is predicted that more than 67% of the world's population will suffer from water shortages in their habitats by 2050. Therefore, maximizing water efficiency is the best solution to the problem. Water productivity is important in evaluating the efficiency of irrigated and rainfed systems. Sugar beet is one of the strategic crops in Iran and its area under cultivation has decreased in the last two...
Topics: Crop water requirement, Irrigation intervals, Khorasan Razavi Province, Modelling
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction Intensification of agriculture and increasing use of chemical pesticides can have significant environmental effects on other non-target organisms and various environments such as air, soil and water. Growing concerns about the negative effects of pesticides have resulted in some indicators that measure the environmental risk of each pesticide. One of these indicators is the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ), which has been used repeatedly to monitor environmental pesticides in...
Topics: Consumer component, Ecological component, Farmworker component, Herbicide, Insecticide
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction Utilization of different plant nutrition systems in terms of optimal use of climatic factors, agricultural management and consumption of agricultural inputs can be an effective way to increase production and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Under such conditions, using organic manures can protect the environment, produce healthy agricultural products ,provide better nutritional conditions for crops, and have a favorable effect on plant growth. Organic manures are natural and...
Topics: Percentage of seed oil, percentage of grain protein, harvest index, head diameter, 1000-grain weight
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction One of the most important issues in improving the growth and increasing the yield of oil plants is proper nutrition and providing the nutrients the plant needs during the growing season. Today, using biofertilizers in agriculture is considered an effective way to reduce the consumption of chemical inputs to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of plants using beneficial soil microorganisms. Among these organisms, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, which can increase the...
Topics: Grain oil percent, grain protein percent, grain yield, pods number per plant, water use efficiency
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction One of the main problems in arid and semi-arid regions of the country is the lack of water for irrigating agricultural products and other uses. Sistan and Baluchestan provinces is considered to be one of the arid and semi-arid regions in Iran that are facing water shortages. The present study evaluated the trend of changes in water footprint of two crops, wheat and watermelon, as the main crops in Sistan and Baluchestan province. In this way, the changes in water footprint...
Topics: Blue water, Green water, Sarbaz, Water shortage, Konarak
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction Wheat and maize are important and strategic crops in Iran. These crops are widely grown in the Dez catchment area. Therefore, due to climate change, recent droughts, water bankruptcy in the country, low water consumption efficiency in agriculture, and the excessive consumption of input, which pose a serious threat to agriculture and food security, it is necessary to achieve a correct understanding of the sustainable production of crops in the region. Improper use of chemical...
Topics: Cereals, Energy, Global hectare, Input, Sustainable agriculture
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction Sweet corn ( Zea mays L. Var saccharata) is an important cereal crop that refers to considerable human nutrition and industrial products of its sugar content, minerals phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, and vitamins in most of the literature. The negative impacts of the long-term application of chemical fertilizers on the soil, environment, and human health in arid and semi-arid regions have increased by the application of biological fertilizers in these areas. Applying biological...
Topics: Canned grain yield, Grain protein, Grain sugar, Soil microbial respiration
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction Sunflower is one of the plants that must receive nutrients, particularly nitrogen, and often responds positively to fertilizers. Optimizing fertilizer application in oil crops not only enhances grain yield but also leads to an increased percentage of seed oil. Furthermore, it improves plant resistance to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and frost. Additionally, this optimization contributes to enhanced biological activity in the soil, early crop production,...
Topics: Biofertilizer, Nutritional supplements, Oil crops, Organic fertilizer, Yield and its components
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction Drought conditions are one of the most important abiotic stresses in the world. In the first place, the best way to prevent the reduction of crop yields in drought conditions is to use natural compounds that play a key role in growth, development, and response to environmental stresses. Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) belongs to the Chenopodiaceae family, a plant with high nutritional value and rich in protein as a future crop. Due to the high resistance to various biotic and...
Topics: Chlorophyll fluorescence, CROP WATT software, Drought stress, Plant growth regulator, Water use...
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction Salinity, as one of the worldwide limiting factors, can restrict crop quality as well as world food products, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Yellow sweet clover ( Melilotus officinalis L., Fabaceae family), an herbaceous plant with both medicinal and domestic utilizes that the most salt-tolerant legumes can improve sustainable agriculture in saline soils. In order to minimize the harmful effects of salinity, various strategies, including cost-effective and efficient...
Topics: Forage quality, Osmolyte, Photosynthetic pigments, Stress
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Feb 18, 2024
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Feb 18, 2024
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Introduction At present, farmers are facing problems of shrinking landholding size, degradation of natural resources, climatic vulnerabilities, and low financial returns due to escalating costs of cultivation and inefficient utilization of agro-inputs. Thus, production per unit area of land, time, and inputs needs to be improved by efficiently capturing the solar energy and carbon dioxide for conversion into economic products. In recent years, there has been increased interest in agricultural...
Topics: Sustainability, harvest index (HI), yield and yield components, land equivalent ratio (LER).
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Dec 2, 2023
12/23
Dec 2, 2023
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Introduction Lallemantia royleana (Walla) Benth is a folk medicinal plant of Labiatae family. This family is one of the largest and most distinctive flowering plants, with about 220 genera and almost 4000 species worldwide. It is well represented in different regions of European and the Middle Eastern countries especially Iran by 46 genera and 410 species and subspecies. The vernacular name of L. royleana ’s seed in Iran is Balangu or Balangu Shirazi. Balangu seed is a good source of...
Topics: Antioxidant, Dehydration, Thousand- seed weight, Yield
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Dec 2, 2023
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Dec 2, 2023
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Introduction [1] The main objective in agriculture production, so far, focused mostly on the increase of yield and production. Whereas today, economical and sustainable production is more important with regard to product quality, reduction of input consumption, conservation of natural resources and environment. Conservation tillage methods stabilize the soil productivity , reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment. The atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has...
Topic: 10.22067/jag.v11i2.49739
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Dec 2, 2023
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Dec 2, 2023
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Introduction Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world, which plays the greatest role in feeding the world's population. The crop yield (such as wheat) is determined by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Among environmental factors, water deficit in many agricultural areas is the major obstacles for achieving optimal crop yield including wheat. The carbohydrates that are needed for grain growth are provided from two sources (1) during...
Topics: Chlorophyll fluorescence, Leaf temperature, Photosynthesis rate, Remobilization, Transpiration rate
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Dec 2, 2023
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Dec 2, 2023
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Introduction Environmental stress is one of the main factors limiting the growth and production of crops in the world. In general, water is one of the most effective factors on a total dry matter (TDM) and water stress on plants can reduce the crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM). One of the most accurate ways to study the responses of plants to environmental condition is evaluation of growth indices. Sanchez-Rodrigo et al. (2010)...
Topics: Crop growth rate (CGR), Leaf area index (LAI), Relative growth rate (RGR)
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Dec 2, 2023
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Dec 2, 2023
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Introduction Under limited moisture conditions, various row planting arrangements have been utilized to provide additional moisture for plant growth and development. Planting patterns had significant effects on the availability of water in time to better match crop development. Soil fertility is one of the most important factors in agricultural operations. Also, soil fertility greatly contributes to yield differences for the same agronomic practices. It is well-known from numerous fertilizer...
Topics: Municipal waste compost, Manure, Two sides planting
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Dec 2, 2023
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Dec 2, 2023
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Introduction Iran has dry climate conditions that its rainfall is lower than one third of rainfall in world. The results of anticipation illustrated that renewable water resource in Iran will be lower than 1500 m 3 year -1 , which it will cause critical level in water issue. Sugar beet is consumed high water and this issue cause to limitation of cultivated area in regions where water resources is determinate. Therefore, using classical irrigation systems instead of furrow irrigation systems was...
Topics: Classical irrigation, Economical productivity, Net benefit, Physical productivity, Production cost
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction Yield increase in the second half of the last century was attributed to breeding new high yielding cultivars and use of chemical inputs, particularly nitrogenous fertilizer, where contribution of fertilizers in yield improvement has been reported in the range of 30 to 50 percent. In fact, genetic potential of high yielding cultivars is achieved using sufficient nitrogen supply because canopy development, radiation capture photosynthesis and radiant use efficiency is associated with...
Topics: Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency, Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency, New and old...
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction Cover crops have wide range influence on agroecosystem as well as multiple benefits for farmers. A major benefit of cover crops is the suppression of weeds during fall and winter, which can help to reduce soil tillage and herbicide use. A cover crop is a plant that is used primarily to slow erosion, improve soil health, enhance water availability, make weeds smother, help control pests and diseases, increase biodiversity and bring a host of other benefits to your farm. Many types...
Topics: Allelopathy, Brassicaceae, Ecological weed management, Fabaceae, Plant residues, Poaceae
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction The conventional water resources and crops do not meet all the requirement of human society in dry and saline areas. Sea water and brackish water and salt tolerant plant should be considered for research. Salt tolerant plants (halophytes) are highly evolved and specialized organisms. They have well-adapted morphological, phenological and physiological characteristics allowing them to proliferate in the high salinity conditions and offer a low-cost approach to reclaiming and...
Topics: Chemical composition, Kochia scoparia, Water quality, Water quantity
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction [1] Adverse and extreme agro climatic events will disrupt food production and these changes are expected to increase in the world. The wheat is Iran's dominant diet, especially in the form of bread. It is important as a food product that has an impact on food security. Climate change can affect wheat production in major areas of rainfed wheat production in Iran, with social and economic consequences. Therefore, it is important for policy makers and scientists to evaluate...
Topics: Agro-climatic indices, CMIP5 models, EDCDF biases correction, Emission scenarios RCP
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction [1] Annual climate variation, along with water shortage is an important factor influencing agricultural productivity, especially in rainfed crop production systems. Also, understanding the current relationship between food grain production and rainfall will help in assessing the possible impact of future climate change on the livelihood of smallholder farmers. In Golestan province due to different climates and extended rainfed lands, amount and spatial and temporal distribution of...
Topics: Geographical information system, Inverse Distance Weighting, Kriging, Rainfall, Semivariograms
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction [1] Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important tropical cereals which is a staple food for about 50% of population around the world, including Iran. The annual grain production of rice in Iran was 2.5 million tones which provided from an area of 0.59 million ha -1 . Estimates indicate that rice yield should be enhanced about 65% in the world by the year 2020, especially in developing countries where it is the main food crop. The third macro-nutrient next to nitrogen (N)...
Topics: Enterobacter sp, Paddy yield, Potassium uptake, Rice, Sulfate potassium fertilizer, Yield...
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction [1] Cumin ( Cuminum cyminum L.) is a small annual herbaceous and annual medicinal plant that is a member of the aromatic plant family (Apiaceae). It is planted in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. The seeds are used to add flavor to spicy dishes. Cumin seeds contain numerous phytochemicals that are known to have antioxidant, carminative and anti-flatulent properties. In addition, the seeds yield about 22% fats, numerous free amino acids, and a variety of flavonoid glycosides....
Topics: Crop growth rate, Growth physiological indices, Leaf area index, Medicinal plants, Relative growth...
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction Forage quality is limited in many forage production systems in developing countries, specifically in arid and semiarid conditions. Mixing Persian clover as a forage legume with cereals such as barley has been proposed as a way of increasing forage quantity and quality. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) is an annual cereal which can grow in marginal area, suppress weed pressure and provide high forage yield but protein content of the forage is low. Intercropping cereals and legumes have...
Topics: Digestibility, Digestive value, Dry matter digestibility, Organic matter
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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nitrogen (0 and 400 kg urea.ha -1 ) and irrigation (2500 and 5000 m 3 ). Central point in each treatment repeated five times and the number of treatments were calculated based on 2 k + 2k + r , in which k is the number of evaluating factors (nitrogen and irrigation) and r is the replication number of the central point. Therefore, 13 combination treatments were designed. Several features including seed yield, biological yield, nitrogen losses, nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency...
Topics: Economic-environmental scenario, Nitrogen losses, Resource use efficiency, Seed yield
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction There are many methods to deal with salinity, one of which is less costly and more practical seed priming. Seed prime with different methods with mycorrhiza fungi can be used to improve the deposition of seeds and ultimately yield in saline lands. According to available reports, priming seeds are better placed in environmental stress conditions, such as salinity, and produce higher plantings. Priming increases rooting and increases the yield in corn by 14%. The seedling growth...
Topics: Glomus mosseae, Harvest index, Leaf area index, NaCl solution, Salicylic acid
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction Application of nitrogen fertilizers is one the main practices to increase the yield of agricultural products. However, the addition of high and unbalance amount of fertilizers led to negative consequences on the environment , reduction of fertilizer use efficiency and increase cost of production. Crop rotation is one of the most effective methods to increase nitrogen efficiency at agricultural ecosystems, stated that type of planted crop in previous years can alter soil condition...
Topics: Bersim clover, Leaf protein, Plant dry weight, SPAD, Wheat
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction [1] Determination of land suitability for specific productivity is considered as one of the land management tools that makes land use sustainable along with planning to increase production. Agro-ecological zoning refers to the recognition of a set of conditions that allows the economic planting of each crop with regard to the weather conditions of desired region. Alfalfa, as one of the most important forage plants with high quality forage, soil nitrogen fixation and soil erosion...
Topics: Agro- ecological zoning, Decision making, Land susceptibility, Weighted overlay
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction Apart from inadequate soil N and P, soil zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) deficiencies also pose a serious threat to global crop production and food nutrition. Zn and Fe deficiencies affect more than half of the world’s population, especially women and preschool children. Micronutrient malnutrition in human in developing countries is derived from deficiencies of these elements in staple food. Many approaches have been chosen to increase the Zn and Fe content in wheat grains and ameliorate...
Topics: Current photosynthesis, Grain nutrients, Micronutrients, Region, Sulfated and chelated forms
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction Intercropping can provide numerous benefits to cropping systems through increasing total yield and land use efficiency, improving yield stability of cropping systems, enhancing light, water, and nutrient use, improving soil conservation and controlling weeds, insects, or diseases. Moreover, intercropping can facilitate mechanical harvest, whereas legumes in mixtures with cereals can improve the quality of forage. Although cereals are widespread used in livestock nutrition for their...
Topics: Ash, Crude protein, Density, Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Yield
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction Although industrial agriculture achievements are undeniable, its negative consequences such as biodiversity loss, pollination and human health are remarkable. Currently, yields of the world’s four most important crops would need to increase by around 60-110% by 2050. Agro ecological practices contribute to agro ecosystem redesign, efficiency increase and substitution practices based on various processes such as bio fertilizer, reduced tillage, reducing the use of nonrenewable...
Topics: Cropping systems, Energy use efficiency, Input, Net revenue, Sustainable agriculture
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction [1] Biochar which is producing by thermal decomposition of organic material under limited supply of oxygen and relatively low temperatures, produces with the intent to be applied as a technique for improving soil properties. Adding biochar to the soils boosts soil fertility and improves the porosity, moisture, cation exchange capacity, pH, and development and reproduction of microbes in the long term. Research indicated that biochar potentially enhanced soil water holding capacity....
Topics: Biochar, Fenugreek, Irrigation interval, Landrace, Yield and yield components
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction Poor soil fertility is one of the main problems that limit the successful agricultural production and the global economy. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate or correct poor soil fertility, by providing vital nutrients for optimum plant growth. Improving soil fertility through fertilizer can increase crop production per unit area. But excess use of chemical fertilizers, in addition to disrupting the biological balance, nutrition and physical properties of soils, causes to...
Topics: Biological fertilizers, Nitrogen, Pseudomonas, Potassium, Phosphor
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Nov 27, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Introduction [1] Energy use patterns and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from agro-ecosystems vary depending on the farming system; cropping pattern; crop season; the level of technology; the size of the population engaged in agriculture; nature and amount of chemical fertilizer; harvesting and threshing operations; and ultimately yield levels. Worldwide, about 5% of the total energy is used in agriculture section that is directly linked to GHGs emissions. According to reports, agricultural GHG...
Topics: Agroecosystem analysis, Energy efficiency, Global warming, Sharif Abad plain
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Intercropping is an old cropping practice, possibly as old as the settled agriculture, and is widespread especially in low-input cropping systems. One of the most popular intercropping practices is the cultivation of certain annual legumes with cereals. Intercropping is the production of greater yield on a given piece of land by making more efficient use of the available growth resources using a mixture of crops of different rooting ability, canopy structure, height, and nutrient...
Topics: Competitive ratio, Grain yield, Land equivalent ratio, Productivity index
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is the second most important cereal in the world after wheat. Chemical inputs including fertilizers and pesticides are applied to paddy lands to enhance yield and control pests and diseases. Although, this crop has been cultivated organically in some parts of the world. Despite a lot of research, policy and public attention, only a small portion of the total agricultural land has been dedicated to organic farming. Due to the destructive effects of...
Topics: Amylose, Biological fertilizer, Chemical fertilizer, Conversion efficiency
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Medicinal plants are valuable resources that they can play an important role in the health of the community, employment, increasing non-oil exports and preventing the genetic erosion of valuable species. The increasing tendency towards herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases, whether globally or internally, makes it unavoidable the necessity of medicinal plants cultivation in agroecosystems. Isabgol ( Plantago ovata Forssk.) is an annual herbal medicinal plant from...
Topics: Swelling factor, Spike, Sustainable agriculture, 1000-seed weight
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Management practices such as soil tillage can be used as a suitable alternative to reduce the crisis and increase the amount of organic carbon in the soil, along with the improvement of soil physicochemical properties. Long use of the conventional tillage system leads to reduced organic carbon content, soil destruction, reduced water penetration into the soil, and ultimately increased water erosion and wind. It has been established that disturbing the soil through tillage...
Topics: Available K, Carbon sequestration, Conservation tillage, Soil porosity
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Lallemantia as an annual plant, with scientific name Lallemantia iberica L. belonged to the Lamiaceae family. The seeds contain oil and mucilage, which are used in the textile and pharmaceutical industries. Lallemantia grows well in arid regions; therefore it can be used as an alternative of the common crops in these areas. The reason for the adaptation to drought is due to the existence of drought-tolerant genes. Crop yield and growth are affected by environmental factors such as...
Topics: Glycine betaine, Mucilage, Oil, Proline, Supplemental irrigation
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction With the ever-increasing world population, over-exploitation of natural resources and the limited availability of arable land, followed by the urgent need to increase food production, which is one of the world's challenges, it is essential to increase crop yield to meet demand and find a solution to more sustainable agricultural ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture is a kind of agriculture that increases the efficiency of resource use that is in balance with the environment. The...
Topics: Anthocyanin, Biomass yield, Conventional tillage, Minimum tillage, Protein percent
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Drought is not a characteristic of a region and may occur in any weather regime. Therefore, reasonable management is required to deal with this natural disaster which can be creating a management system and providing accurate information at different time scales. Meteorological, agricultural, hydrological and socioeconomic drought are defined based on lack of rainfall, lack of soil moisture, shortage of rivers stream and the shortage of some commodities affected by the drought...
Topics: Drought risk, Drought severity, SPI Index, Yield
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction [1] In intercropping systems, inputs in a unit area have been reduced but use of available resources is optimized, leading to increased production and promotion of evaluation indices. In a study on maize and peanut intercropping, the highest index of land equivalent ratio (LER=1.04) was obtained in 100% corn + 100% peanut. In addition, barley and peas as well as garlic and chickpea intercropping, improved the LER and the other intercropping indices. Therefore, the main objective of...
Topics: Actual yield, Land equivalent ratio, Relative crowding coefficient
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Isabgol belongs to the plantaginaceae family. It is known for its gentle laxative, cooling and diuretic properties. Some recent researches have shown that they may be effective in lowering cholesterol and controlling certain types of diabetes. Water is the limiting factor for biomass production in many countries around the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. On the other hand, drought has been a serious problem in Iran in recent years. Drought stress reduces the...
Topics: Drought stress, Mucilage, Nitroxin, Number of spike, Turgid index
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Forage production has recently reduced in some arid and semi-arid countries due to intensive grazing and consecutive dryness. Increasing scarcity of water irrigation, particularly in arid and semi-arid climates where agricultural systems are dependent upon supplemental irrigation, is becoming the most important problem for producing forage. The bio fertilizers can serve a potential tool for sustaining crop production without destruction of the soil and environment. Therefore,...
Topics: Acid detergent fiber, Bio fertilizer, Azotobacter, Biosuper, Net energy for lactation
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction One of the more challenging aspects of sustainable farming is the development of an appropriate fertility management. Soil management in sustainable agriculture improves the soil fertility supplying with composted materials. In a sustainable agriculture, compost is used to maintain and improve fertility. Compost is a soil amendment produced through the metabolism of an organic substrate by aerobic microorganisms under controlled conditions. Composting is an ancient agricultural...
Topics: Household compost, Organic farming, Spent mushroom compost, Tomato, Vermicompost
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague or commonly Ajwain is an herbaceous herb belonging to the family Apiaceae and vastly grows in Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India as well as European regions. Known as Zenyan or Nankhah in medical and pharmaceutical manuscript of medieval Persia, seeds of Ajwain were highly used by traditional healers for different ailments. Due to its various chemical constituents, the herb seeds were also evaluated for its numerous pharmacological...
Topics: Pathway analysis, essential oils, diversity, Physiological maturity, Correlation
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Nov 22, 2023
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Nov 22, 2023
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Introduction Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients and plays a major role in crop yield improvement. Currently, under the global pressure to increase grain yield while simultaneously minimizing environmental risks, the nitrogen use efficiency has become a challenging issue. Corn ( Zea mays L.) nitrogen use is of continued interest due to agronomic performance and environmental issues. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NU p E) and nitrogen utilization...
Topics: Cultivar, Fertilizer, Nitrogen use efficiency, Yield
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Nov 21, 2023
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Nov 21, 2023
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Introduction Investigating the competitive effects of watergrass ( Echinochloa oryzoides ) as a new-introduced weed species in rice production of Guilan province is of major importance. Consequences of watergrass–rice competition are influenced by each species proportion and density; although could be greatly affected by relative weed seedling emergence time. Furthermore to analyze crop-weed competition, the variation in plant traits that confer competitive ability should be considered. Total...
Topics: Emergence patterns, Planting proportion, Transplanted rice, Weed seedling age
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Nov 21, 2023
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Nov 21, 2023
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Introduction The conventional agricultural ecosystems (agroecosystems) are the complex systems which in order to produce the higher amount of food, fiber, feed and fuel have been significantly manipulated. Rapid growth of world population and demand for agricultural products resulted in higher pressure on agroecosystems. In recent decades achieving to maximum production was the main goal of conventional agriculture. In order to increase yield on production usually these agroecosystems need to...
Topics: Agroecology, Functional health, Stability, Structure, Sustainability
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Nov 21, 2023
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Introduction [1] Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an appropriate technique for evaluating the potential effect of agriculture through assesses of material and energy flow throughout a product's life cycle that take measures for improving environmental performance and to make modifications to a crop system. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology for assessing the environmental impacts associated with a product, process or activity, by identifying, quantifying and evaluating the resources...
Topics: Environmental impacts, Life cycle impact assessment, Emission, Resource use
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Nov 21, 2023
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Introduction Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a common tool for environmentally assessing various agricultural systems based on type and quantity of input consumption and emissions generated during the production. LCA is a method assessing the environmental performance of a given production. The method has been recently developed, providing some detailed information on how to mitigate environmental impacts as well as how to improve sustainability of existing agricultural systems. The aim of this...
Topics: Acidification, Environmental indicator, Eutrophication, Global warming, Sustainability
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Nov 21, 2023
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Nov 21, 2023
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Introduction Nitrogen is a vital and important element for the plant and is available by chemical or biological process. The contribution of nitrogen fertilizer to performance improvement in various studies has been reported to be between 30-50%. Koocheki et al. (2017) reported that the levels of nitrogen fertilizers used in experiments for wheat in the range of 20-250 kg.ha -1 increased wheat yield by 2477 kg.ha -1 compared to control treatment. Biodegradable fertilizers (especially...
Topics: Leaf area, Peduncle, Seed protein, Seeds number per spike
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Nov 19, 2023
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Nov 19, 2023
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Introduction Drought stress is one of the abiotic factors that restricts crop growth and performance in most regions of the world. It causes changes in the growth of medicinal plants regarding the quantity and quality of their active ingredients. Fennel belongs to Apiaceae family that is growing in most parts of Iran. Essential oil that obtained from its seeds used in various industries of pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics. Wide germplasm resources, genetic diversity among species, low water...
Topics: Bi-plot analysis, Cluster analysis, Correlation Coefficient analysis, Drought stress, Genotype
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Nov 19, 2023
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Introduction Energy flow is one of the most important issues in agroecology. The amount of energy that is consumed in different agroecosystems not only depends on the type of crop but also on the material and methods that is used in its production. Potato plants are one of the most important crops that is produced in Torbat Heidarieh region, Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran. Different irrigation methods influence the energy consumption and production. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare...
Topics: Drip irrigation, Furrow irrigation, Indirect energy, Special energy, Sprinkle irrigation
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Nov 19, 2023
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Nov 19, 2023
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Introduction Oil seeds had an important role in supplying food, heat and pharmaceutical needs. Today oil seeds are considered as the strategic agricultural products in the world. Providing of essential elements for crops, especially micro-nutrients play an important role in increasing the quality of produced food and improving community health. Sulfur is one of the essential elements required for plants, which has been underestimated in recent years. In oil seeds, sulfur plays an important...
Topics: Oil seed, Fertilizer, Soil acidity, Soil improvement
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Nov 19, 2023
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Nov 19, 2023
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Introduction The importance of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) is due to its high energy content. Potato is the world's fourth most important crop after wheat, rice and maize and plays a crucial role in human diet because of its high content of protein, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Potato cultivars are cultivated in different climatic conditions. A suitable cultivar should be compatible with the region and have an acceptable yield. As to growth period length, potato cultivars...
Topics: Tuber growth rate, Crop growth rate, Leaf area index, Tuber yield
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Nov 19, 2023
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Nov 19, 2023
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Introduction Food security in parallel with the preservation of environment and natural resources, has become a critical issue in the world. Wheat as the main food for human has allocated the high cultivation area each year in the world and in Iran as well. Agricultural systems due to the consumption of fossil fuels and chemical output has introduced as the biggest consumers of energy and natural resources, also it has contributed serious role in bio environment problems (Roy et al., 2005). The...
Topics: Environmental index, Eutrophication, Resource depletion
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Nov 12, 2023
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] Rainfall is a predominant climatic element that affects the density and location of agricultural systems and the choice of farming operations. The distribution, intensity, duration, and type of rainfall are very important at different stages, such as cultivation, emergence, tillering, stem formation, and flowering. Kurdistan province has regular rainfall with an average rainfall of more than 500 mm annually. Therefore, Kurdistan province is one of Iran's most prone rain-fed...
Topics: Biological day, GIS, Growth period, Rainfall parameters
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Nov 12, 2023
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] Today, agricultural systems are considered the center and main axis of all activities related to the development of sustainable agriculture in Iran. Obviously, the more efforts to expand the sustainability of the exploitation systems of the regions, the better the situation will be in terms of reducing energy loss and production costs, increasing performance and conserving resources, and preventing waste. From an ecological point of view, the per capita consumption of energy...
Topics: Environmental Impacts, Tobacco, Ecological Capacity, Sustainable Agriculture, Energy Evaluation
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Nov 12, 2023
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] By 2050, the world's population is estimated to increase by 30 to 35 percent, so about 60 percent growth in agricultural production must be achieved for proper nutrition. Food security refers to a situation in which people at all times, physically, socially, and economically, have access to adequate, safe, and nutritious food that meets their nutritional needs and preferences for an active and healthy life. One of the most important challenges of the 21st century to improve...
Topics: Agrobiodiversity, Chemical Inputs, Ecology, Food Health, Rice mono-crop
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Nov 12, 2023
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] Secondary or double cropping increases production per unit area and optimizes use of other production resources. Faba bean responds to and changes its environment by altering on-site soil fertility, microclimate, and wild flora and fauna co-habitats. Besides its worldwide use for food and feed, extensive knowledge exists about its ability to symbiotically fix and add nitrogen to the soil, making additional soil nitrogen available and enhancing and sustaining soil productivity....
Topics: Green pod, Heat use efficiency, Luzde otono, Second cropping, var
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Nov 12, 2023
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] Drought is one of the most important environmental stress adversely affecting agricultural products, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Using Trichoderma fungus and biopolymers such as chitosan is one of the ways to reduce drought stress. Trichoderma fungus, as a plant growth-promoting fungus, is the most common fungal and soil-modifying species that can directly with plant roots in the rhizosphere and improve growth as well as biological control of living stresses...
Topics: Essential oils, Sweet basil, Dry weight, Photosynthetic pigments, Plant growth promoting...
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] One of the major factors restricting the crop production is nitrogen. Nitrogen has an important role in achieving maximum yield and improves crop yield and quality (Ullah et al., 2010). In the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, the deficiency of organic matter in the soil as the natural resource required by the plant and the moisture tension are the major factors of absorbing nitrogen, and after moisture tension, nitrogen tension is the major limiting factor of crop production...
Topics: Biofertilizer, Nitrogen harvest index, Nitrogen percentage, Nitrogen productivity
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] Sustainability analysis of agricultural ecosystems is important in their decision-making and proper management. Quantifying the sustainability of cropping agroecosystems can provide solutions to achieve positive economic and environmental results. Emergy analysis can be used to determine the degree to which ecological and economic systems are sustainable. By employing this method, we can better understand ecological and economic systems and their interactions. Emergy...
Topics: Environmental load, Emergy synthesis, Renewable inputs, Input-output based analysis, Emergy based...
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] In the conventional agricultural systems, the excessive use of chemical inputs, such as chemical fertilizers, increased the agricultural productivity. Detrimental implications from intensive farming practices and long-term use of chemical fertilizers have been well evidenced in the environment and human health. Intercropping systems and application of organic fertilizers and biofertilizers, including vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), are recommended in...
Topics: cis-Thujone, Dry matter yield, Essential oil, Green manure, Sustainable agriculture
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Nov 12, 2023
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] Organic fertilizer tea is a treated solution of organic fertilizers that contains various organic compounds, nutrients, and a wide range of microorganisms and their metabolites. In recent years, the production and use of organic tea as a liquid biological fertilizer or biological pesticide is expanding towards sustainable agriculture. There are many benefits to using tea compost, including providing nutrients for the plants that can reduce chemical fertilizers. A variety of...
Topics: Organic fertilizer tea, Aerobic extraction, Liquid organic fertilizer
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Nov 12, 2023
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] Most research on intercropping cultivation in the past has focused on seed yield and yield components, and less attention has been paid to below-ground interaction processes. However, the connection of plants in the below-ground sector is a vital issue in identifying the mechanism of competition and productivity in intercropping cultivation. Meanwhile, the selection of a legume plant due to the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) increases the productivity in intercropping...
Topics: Nitrogen derived from the atmosphere, Root extract, Secondary compounds, Total microbial activity
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Nov 12, 2023
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Nov 12, 2023
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Introduction [1] Intercropping as an approach for the development of sustainable agriculture systems pursues purposes such as creating ecological balance, further exploitation of resources, increasing the quantity and quality of yield reducing losses due to pests, diseases, and weeds, and reduceing the dependence of farmers to pesticides, to maintain product quality and marketability. Jahani et al. (2007) reported that intercropping of lentils and cumin has significantly increased the dry...
Topics: Biological nitrogen fixation, Essential oil yield, Medicinal plant, Seed yield
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Introduction Growing demand for food in the coming decades will require a significant increase in crop production. Indeed, the variability of weather, soil and topography result in different agro-ecological conditions which may be suitable or unsuitable for some crops. To determine land suitability in an ecosystem, agro-ecological zonation is one of the effective tools for recognizing the capabilities of land and allocating them to the best and most profitable types of crop utilization....
Topics: Land suitability, Land potential yield, Organic matter
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Introduction Increase agricultural production to match the increasing demand for food sources is inevitable. It causes too much pressure on the agricultural resource base and threatens the sustainability of these systems. Intercropping is an important method of high production in agriculture. This technic can affect soil environmental condition. Sustainable Agriculture defines the proper management of agricultural resources which in addition to changing human needs, maintaining environmental...
Topics: Land equivalent ratio, Photosynthetically active radiation, Soil temperature, Volumetric soil...
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Sep 11, 2023
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Intercropping is one of the most common practices used in sustainable agricultural systems which have an important role in increasing the productivity and stability of yield in order to improve resource utilization and environmental factors. Intercropping is an option for reducing weed problems through non-chemical methods. Dragon’s head ( Lallemantia iberica Fish. et Mey.) is an annual herb from the Lamiaceae family. This plant mainly cultivated for its grains that contain about...
Topics: Intercropping, Interference, Lallemantia iberica, Land equivalent ratio, Yield
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Sep 11, 2023
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Providing food for the rising world population is one of the first human needs. In recent years, there has been increased interest in agricultural production systems in order to achieve high productivity and promote sustainability over time. Intercropping is one of the methods that simultaneously can increase the agricultural system productivity and also reduce their side effects on the environment. Intercropping can provide numerous benefits to cropping systems through...
Topics: Biological yield, Land equivalent ration, Relative density, Seed yield
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Introduction Expanding the global population and their requirement for water, food, and energy is a challenge that is compounded by increased pressure on natural resources. The decision on how and to what extent humans need to consume resources , requires precise and sophisticated scientific research and analysis. In this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method ology has been used. According to this method, it is possible to measure any performance of any given farm on the basis of the number...
Topics: Design of long-term environmental, Environmental degradation, Eutrophication, Global warming
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Sep 11, 2023
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Biodiversity as a key factor of sustainability of natural ecosystems have been largely used in studies on natural vegetations (e.g. rangelands) at different spatial scales. Baharkish pasture with area of 1035 hectare is situated in 60 km distance southern of the city Quchan in Khorasan Razavi province. The lowest and the highest altitudes of the pasture are 1740 and 2440 meters a.s.l., respectively. Long-term (25-year) mean annual precipitation and temperature of the region is 337...
Topics: Edaphic factors, Principal components analysis, Rangeland, Topographic factors
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Sep 11, 2023
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Phosphorus deficiency due to the chemical function of calcareous compounds is considered as one of the most important problems in the sustainable nutrition of black seed ( Nigella sativa L.), especially in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Furthermore, low soil organic matter content in these areas can adversely affect phosphorus availability and thus challenge the sustainable production of black seed. Accordingly, biochemical modification of calcareous soils based on ecological...
Topics: Essential oil percentage, Thiobacillus bacteria, Oil percentage, Sulfur, Vermicompost
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Sep 11, 2023
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Economic problems as well as environmental concerns related to irregular and excessive application of agricultural chemicals have shifted the attentions toward application of biological fertilizers in many agro-ecosystems. In order to reduce environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by usage of chemical fertilizers, there is a need to use resources and inputs, which not only meet crop nutrient requirements, but also guarantee the long-term sustainability of agricultural...
Topics: Biological Fertilizers, Crop growth rate, Leaf area index, Net assimilation rate, Sustainable...
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Sep 11, 2023
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction One of the ways to move towards sustainable agriculture is to create diversity and using intercropping of crops, cultivars and / or different isolines in agriculture. In order to increase productivity in the agricultural system, resource management and inputs also play a key role. In addition, to preserve ecological balance and stability of the system, the main goals in the intercropping systems are maximum exploitation of environmental resources such as water, soil, food, the...
Topics: Land equivalent ratio, Legume, Multiple cropping, Relative value total, Resource use efficiency,...
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Introduction To improve crops productivity under drought stress conditions, not only proper management of inputs in time, amount and form, but also the understanding of important physiological processes and defense mechanisms are required to avoid drought stress. Most plant species have the ability to form a symbiosis relationship with the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. AMF could increase growth and yield of plants under water stress, and it is one of the most important biological fertilizers...
Topics: Azospirillum, Biological Fertilizer, Mycorrhizal, Water Deficit Stress and Yield
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Sep 11, 2023
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) is an herbaceous medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family with a wide range of applications in culinary, cosmetic, food, perfumery and medical industries. The presence of more than 200 chemicals includes flavonoids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and aromatic compounds in basil oil have been identified. The main components of its oil are eugenol, methyleugenol, linalool, estragole and anethole, varying by chemotype. Basil is one of the most...
Topics: Biological yield, Harvest index, Plant height, Seed number
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Sep 11, 2023
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a medicinal plant and belongs to the family Malvaceae, short day plant, self-pollination, one year old or a few years old in the warm and indigenous climate of Africa . The main objective in crop management is to maximize light gain by crop canopy. Nitrogen is the first element that has a shortage in arid and semi-arid regions . Considering that agriculture in the Sistan region is associated with unfavorable environmental factors such as water...
Topics: Sepals yield, Soil matter organic, Soil nitrogen, Soil temperature
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Introduction Supplementing crop growth with nitrogen (N) can significantly increase yields. However, the excessive use of N in intensive cropping systems has led to lower N use efficiency, an increase in greenhouse gas emissions as well as water pollution. The critical N concentration (N c ) is the minimum N required for maximal growth and can be used as a tool for accurate N management during the growing season. Leaf dry matter (LDM) is an important indicator of crop growth potential and a...
Topics: Critical nitrogen, Nitrogen deficiency, Nitrogen nutrition index, Nitrogen use optimization,...
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Sep 11, 2023
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Plants distribution in nature is not by chance, but it is a function of various factors such as topographical, edaphic, climatic, anthropogenic factors, etc. Environmental factors along with management factors play an important role on the species composition and richness. In fact, there is a high correlation between the establishment of plants and environmental conditions, so that the composition and structure of plant communities largely influenced by environmental factors. In...
Topics: Environmental factors, Multivariate analysis, Ordination, Rangeland, Vegetation
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Water shortage in terminal phases of wheat growth causes low-quality seeds in wheat. Extra use of chemical fertilizer has an adverse effect on the environment. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is very important in Iran grown on 7 million ha of the total national cultivated; irrigated wheat farms accounting for 35% of the total wheat lands. It grows mainly during dry seasons, where irrigation is necessary because precipitation in the growing season is far less than the crop water...
Topics: Biologic fertilizer, Seed quality, Seed yield, Supplementary irrigation, Wheat cultivars
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Introduction Use of chemical fertilizers is an essential component of modern farming and about 50% of the world’s crop production can be attributed to fertilizer use. Sustainable production of crops cannot be maintained by using only chemical fertilizers and similarly it is not possible to obtain higher crop yield using organic manure alone. A balanced fertilization is needed to obtain optimum potential yield. The continuous imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers is creating complexity in our...
Topics: Iron, Nitrogen, Organic manure, Phosphorus, Zinc
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Plants under natural and agronomic conditions are constantly exposed to different stresses. In this regard, drought stress is the most important limiting factor to crop yields in many parts of the world and Iran, particularly, if the water stress occurs during the flowering stage , it will affect the crop production. Drought stress disrupts the nutritional balance of plant. Proper nutrition under stress conditions can partly help plant against various stresses. Plants growth under...
Topics: Drought stress, Micronutrients, Seed coat and kernel
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Introduction Intercropping system is one of the most important strategies for achieving sustainable agriculture goals. Intercropping increases biodiversity in agroecosystems and enhances yield on a given piece of land by making more efficient use of the available resources. In these systems, legumes are a key functional group, and are highly valued for the agroecological services they provide . Adding legumes in fields is justified by their natural ability to exploit atmospheric nitrogen. This...
Topics: Additive series, Essential oil, Land equivalent ratio, Medicinal plants, Sustainable agriculture
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Introduction Khuzestan province is one of the important regions for sugarcane production with more than 100,000 hectares under sugarcane cultivation. Sugarcane monoculture is common all over the world and continuing this system gradually reduces the yield and soil fertility. Monoculture systems, by creating unfavorable biological and physicochemical conditions in the soil, reduce the amount of organic carbon and nutrients in the soil. However, in an agricultural system, suitable agronomic...
Topics: Clover, Fabaceae, Organic matter, Phosphorus
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Weed–crop competition as one of the main reasons for crop loss is often influenced by many factors including emergence time and density of competing species. Patterns of weed seedling emergence affect the outcome of weed–crop interference interactions. Information on weed seedling emergence in relation to crop seeding will assist in developing an optimum weed control program. Weeds emerge simultaneously with a crop, have the greatest potential impact on crop production. Results...
Topics: Competition, Emergence patterns, Planting proportion, Relative density
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Sep 11, 2023
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Introduction Water scarcity and frequent droughts are becoming a serious problem particularly in the context of alarming predictions of climate change in the world. Within the arid and semi-arid regions, water availability is a major limitation for crop production. Thus, it is necessary to improve yield and the efficient utilization of limited available water in the irrigated agroecosystems. One possibility to enhance crop yield under water limitation is using soil microorganisms that increase...
Topics: Grain yield, growth indices, radiation absorption, radiation use efficiency, water deficit stress
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Introduction In the next 20 years, food production for the growing population is one of the most important issues. As increasing planting area is limited, improving productivity and yield is the only solution which could be reached through crop breeding and improving pest, disease and weeds control methods and increasing use efficeincy of fertilizers and water. Most of the time, increasing production in agricltulre is alongside with more intensification in agriculture. There is now specific...
Topics: Agriculture, Intensification, Iran, Stability, Yield capacity
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Aug 30, 2023
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Introduction Many plant species in natural Iranian ecosystems such as Echium amoenum have high medicinal and economic potential use. The growing need for medicinal products of this plant along with the increasing domestic consumption, export and prevention of its extinction due to its over harvesting from natural ecosystems, necessitates its mass cultivation. E. amoenum is one of the medicinal plants that has important compounds in its flowers, which is necessary to increase the quantity and...
Topics: Compost, Flower yield, Lateral branches, Manure, Vermicompost
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Aug 30, 2023
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Aug 30, 2023
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Introduction Intercropping, i.e. growing two or more crops together on the same land at the same time. The intercropped legumes/cereal systems reduce inter-specific competition by enhancing complementarity/facilitation processes thereby improving the exploitation of environmental resources; on the other hand, it has led to improved crop production, which is due to greater efficiency in the intercropping system. Salehi et al. (2018) in intercropping of triticale with annual legumes reported that...
Topics: Chlorophyll, Grain yield, Land equivalent ratio, Rhizobium nodule, Sustainable agriculture
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Introduction Inappropriate use of chemical inputs damages soil beneficial microorganisms and consumer health. In order to reduce or eventually eliminate chemical inputs, bio-agroecosystems was founded. Azospirillum is one of the most studied genera as nitrogen fixing bacteria in agroecosystems. About 70 percent of the experiments have demonstrated the Azospirilum ability for increasing crop yield. Furthermore, some studies have shown that Azospirilum has a stress-reduction mechanism. Therefore,...
Topics: Azospirillum bacteria, Biomass yield, Harvest index, Inoculation
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Aug 30, 2023
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Aug 30, 2023
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Introduction Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivation as a strategic product with a high sugar content and having side products can play a major role in addressing this need and disconnecting dependence. Life cycle assessment in recent years has become an appropriate tool for assessing environmental impacts in agricultural and food industries . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of sugarcane production in Imam Khomeini Sugarcane Agro-Industrial Company...
Topics: Eco-Index, Global warming potential, Modeling, Plant farms, Ratoon farms
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Aug 30, 2023
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Introduction [1] Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a warm season crop that originated in South America. Tomatoes have significant nutritional value. In recent years, they have become known as an important source of lycopene, which is a powerful antioxidant that acts as an anticarcinogen. They also provide vitamins and minerals and serve as an important source of nutrients in contemporary diets due to readily available fresh fruit and processed products, their popularity, and the sheer volume...
Topics: Chlorophyll index, Fruit number, Single row planting, Twin row planting
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Aug 30, 2023
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Introduction In the foreseeable future, plants are still the most important source of human food supply, and given the rapid rise in demand for food in developing countries, the demand for food will increase sharply over the next 20 years. Compression is the most important factor in increasing agricultural production. One of the useful indicators in determining the compression rate is the use of agronomic index. In Nepal, an applied definition has been used to compress agriculture, which...
Topics: Cultivation pattern, Follow, Food security
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Introduction [1] Rice is a global important food and in Asia alone is the source of food for 3.5 billion people. Such demand for rice imposes a plan to find new technology and approaches to replace old production methods. About 75% of global rice production is practiced on low lands. At field scale, rice compared to other plants receive two or three times more water and based on some calculations, about 34-43 percentage of global irrigation water or 24-30 percentage of drinking water consumed...
Topics: Competition, Growth rate, Water use efficiency, Water productivity
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Introduction Avoidance of repeated soil tillage in conjunction with maintaining crop residues and plant nutrition management may help to conserve and improve the soil and plant conditions. Primary goals of conservational systems consist of eliminating some cultivation practices and increasing surface crop residues in the planting system. In such residue conserving systems, nitrogen fertilizers are considered as important elements in crop production and influence the pattern of soil organic...
Topics: Conservation tillage, Dry weight, Emergence, Lint yield, Moldboard plow
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