اثر محلول‌پاشی اوره، پرولین و اسید آسکوربیک روی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی، عملکرد علوفه یونجه زرد (Melilotus officinalis L.) تحت شوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی،دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه ، ایران

چکیده

به­منظور بررسی اثر محلول‌پاشی اسمولیت­ها (پرولین و اسید آسکوربیک) و اوره بر عملکرد، رنگیزه­های فتوسنتزی، تجمع اسمولیت­ها و کیفیت علوفه یونجه­زرد (شبدر شیرین) (Melilotus officinalis L.)، در شرایط شور و غیرشور، آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال­های زراعی 1396 و 1397 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ارومیه اجرا گردید. فاکتور اصلی شامل خاک شور و غیرشور و فاکتور فرعی شامل محلول‌پاشی با اسمولیت­ها، اوره و شاهد (اسپری آب) بود. در این تحقیق، خاک شور ( dS.m-17/6) و خاک غیرشور ( dS.m-19/0) به­عنوان فاکتور اصلی و محلول‌پاشی اسمولیت­ها (پرولین (20 میلی­مولار) و اسید آسکوربیک (پنج میلی­مولار)) و اوره (46 درصد نیتروژن: 10 گرم در لیتر) و شاهد (اسپری آب) به­عنوان فاکتور فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. در شرایط شور، عمکرد زیست‌توده (بخش رویشی گیاه) و عملکرد دانه نسبت به شرایط غیرشور کاهش یافت و از طرفی، در هر دو شرایط، محلول‌پاشی اوره میزان عملکرد را افزایش داد. واکنش اجزای کیفیت علوفه به شوری متفاوت بود؛ شوری میزان فیبر محلول در اسید، فیبر محلول در آب و خاکستر کل را نسبت به شرایط غیرشور افزایش داد، امّا میزان پروتئین­خام، ماده­ خشک قابل هضم، کربوهیدرات­های محلول در آب و الیاف خام در شرایط غیرشور بیشتر بود. در شرایط شور، اوره بیشترین تأثیر را بر فیبر محلول در اسید و فیبر محلول در آب داشت. به‌طور کلی، عملکرد در شرایط شور کمتر از شرایط غیرشور بود و در هر دو شرایط، اوره بیشترین تأثیر را بر عملکرد داشت، از طرفی، اثر محلول‌پاشی بر کیفیت علوفه متفاوت بود، به­طوری‌که کیفیت برخی اجزا را کاهش و برخی دیگر را افزایش داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Foliar Application of Urea, Proline and Ascorbic Acid on some Physiological Characteristics and Yield of Forage of Yellow Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis L.) under Salinity

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sajjad Rahimi
  • Alireza Pirzad
  • Jalal Jalilian
Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia- Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Salinity, as one of the world-wide limiting factors, can restrict the crop quality as well as world food products, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis L., Fabacea family), an herbaceous plant with both medicinal and domestic utilizes that the most salt-tolerant legumes, can improve the sustainable agriculture in saline soils. In order to minimize the harmful effects of salinity, various strategies including cost-effective and efficient use of the foliar spraying are adopted to increase plant tolerance by mainly alleviating Na and Cl injuries to the plants. Ascorbic acid (AA), a natural water-soluble antioxidant and proline, a beneficial solute amino acid, protects the plants as an anti-oxidative defense molecule during various stresses. Foliar urea application directly affects nitrogen metabolism in saline soils, and consequently amino acids synthesis.
Materials and methods
Two years (2017-2018) field experiment were performed at a research field of Urmia University. For each year, the experiment was arranged in a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was soil salinity (0.9 dS/m – as none-saline and 6.7 dS/m – as saline soil), and also the sub factor was foliar application including proline (20 mM, 2.3 g/L), ascorbic acid (5 Mm, 0.9 g/L), urea (46% N, 10 g/L) and control (water spraying). plant biomass (oven-dried at 80 ºC for 48 h) and seed yield (with 15% moisture content) measured from harvested plants from 1 m2 of each experimental plot. The chemical composition of samples was obtained based on the standard procedures (The quantities of Photosynthetic pigments and osmolytes) and forage qualities. Comparison of means were performed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% and 1% probability levels by using SAS and MSTAT-C statistical software.
Results and Discussion
The analysis of variance showed that the interaction between salinity and foliar application on biomass, grain yield, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, proline, soluble sugars and all the characteristics related to forage quality were significant. Also, the effect of salinity on chlorophyll b and glycine betaine, and the effect of foliar application on chlorophyll b were significant. The salinity increased the amount of acid-soluble fiber, water-soluble fiber and total ash, but the amount of crude protein, digestible dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates and crude fiber were higher in non-saline condition. In non-saline condition, the use of ascorbic acid increased the amount of crude protein by 6.8% compared to the control, but in saline conditions was observed no significant effect. Under saline condition, foliar application of urea had the greatest effect on acid-soluble fiber and water-soluble fiber, so that in these conditions, urea-sprayed plants had 0.5, 7.86 and 1.69% more acid-soluble fiber than control plants and plants treated with proline and ascorbic acid, respectively. Also in saline conditions, the amount of water-soluble fiber in urea spraying was 0.46%, 3.32% and 6.31% higher than control, proline and ascorbic acid treatments, respectively. Proline improved biological yield and grain yield by reducing the adverse effects of salinity, while foliar application of plants with ascorbic acid did not show an additive effect on yield. Osmotic regulators can act as mechanisms to maintain cellular water potential in plants under salinity stress.
Conclusion
In general, biomass yield and grain yield were lower in saline conditions than in non-saline conditions. In both conditions, urea foliar application had the greatest effect on yellow sweet clover yield and increased its amount compared to control and other treatments. In general, yield reducing under salinity conditions may be due to inhibition of photosynthesis, which causes the plant to absorb fewer nutrients. Our data show that foliar application of urea in saline conditions counteracts the harmful effects of salinity on plant yield. Based on the results, the amount of NDF and ADF increased in saline conditions compared to non-saline conditions. The highest amount of acid-soluble fiber and water-soluble fiber was obtained in salinity conditions and by spraying yellow sweet clover with urea.
Acknowledgements  
The authors of the article thank Mr. Vakili, Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Urmia University, for his helps in conducting the experiments of this research.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forage quality
  • Osmolyte
  • Photosynthetic pigments
  • Stress

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

مراجع

  1. Abdelaal, K., Hafez, Y.M., El-Afry, M.M., Tantawy, D.S., & Alshaal, T. (2018). Effect of some osmoregulators on photosynthesis, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative capacity, and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) under water deficit stress. Environmental Scienceand Pollution Research, 25, 30199-30211. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3023-x
  2. Acosta Motos, J.M., Ortuño, A., Bernal-Vicente, P., Diaz Vivancos, M., Sanchez Blanco, M.J., & Hernandez, J.A. (2017). Plant responses to salt stress: adaptive mechanisms. Agronomy, 7(1), 18. DOI: 3390/agronomy7010018
  3. Al Hassan, M., Pacurar, A., López-Gresa, M.P., Donat-Torres, M.P., Llinares, J.V., Boscaiu, M., & Vicente, O. (2016). Effects of salt stress on three ecologically distinct plantago species. Plos One 11, e0160236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160236
  4. Al-Dakheel, A.J., Hussain, M.I., & Rahman, A. (2015). Impact of irrigation water salinity on agronomical and quality attributes of Cenchrus ciliaris accessions. Agricultural Water Management, 159, 148–154. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.06.014
  5. Ashraf, M., & Harris, P.J.C. (2004). Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Science, 166, 3-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.10.024
  6. Ashraf, M., Shahzad, S.M., Imtiaz, M., & Rizwan, M.S. (2018). Salinity effects on nitrogen metabolism in plantsfocusing on the activities of nitrogen metabolizing enzymes: A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41, 1065-1081. DOI:1080/01904167.2018.1431670
  7. Bahreininejad, B., & Allahdadi, M. (2020). Effects of saline irrigated water on forage quality of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus scolymus L.). Iran Agricultural Research, 39(1), 59-66. DOI: 10.22099/IAR.2020.34907.1363
  8. Bates, L., Waldren, R.P., & Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205-207.
  9. Bastam, N., Baninasab, B., & Ghobadi, C. (2013). Interactive effects of ascorbic acid and salinity stress on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of pistachio (Pistacia vera) seedlings. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology,88, 610-616. DOI:10.1080/14620316.2013.11513014
  10. Bavi, V., Shiran, B., & Arzani, A. (2011). Evaluation of salinity tolerance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using ion accumulation, proline and peroxidase criteria. Plant Growth Regulation, 64(3), 275-285. DOI:10.1007/s10725-011-9568-z
  11. Beltagi, M.S. (2008). Exogenous ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) induced anabolic changes for salt tolerance in chick pea (Cicer arietinum ) plants. African Journal of Plant Science, 2, 118-123.
  12. Bhuiyan, M.S.I., Maynard, G., Raman, A., Hodgkins, D., Mitchell, D., & Nicol, H. (2016). Salt effects on proline and glycine betaine levels and photosynthetic performance in Melilotus siculus, Tecticornia pergranulata and Thinopyrum ponticum measured in simulated saline conditions. Functional Plant Biology, 43, 254-265. DOI: 1071/FP15330
  13. Chen, T.H.H., & Murata, N. (2008). Glycine betaine: An effective protectant against abiotic stress in plants. Trends in Plant Science, 13, 499–505. DOI: 1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007
  14. Cheng, L., Dong, S., & Bates, T. (2002). Urea uptake and nitrogen mobilization by apple leaves in relation to tree nitrogen status in autumn. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 77, 13-18.
  15. Chorepsima, S., Tentolouris, K., Dimitroulis, D., & Tentolouris, N. (2013). Melilotus: Contribution to wound healing in the diabetic foot. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 3, 81-86. DOI:1016/j.hermed.2013.04.005
  16. Darko, E., Gierczik, K., Hudak, O., Forgo, P., Pal, M., Türkösi, E., Kovacs, V., Dulai, S., Majlath, I., Molnar, I., & Janda, T. (2017). Differing metabolic responses to salt stress in wheat-barley addition lines containing different 7H chromosomal fragments. Plos One, 12(3), e0174170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174170
  17. Dawood, M.G., Taie, H.A.A., Nassar, R.M.A., Abdelhamid, M.T., & Schmidhalter, U. (2014). The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia fababy the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress. South African Journal of Botany, 93, 54-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.03.002
  18. Del Amor, F.M., & Cuadra-Crespo, P. (2011). Alleviation of salinity stress in broccoli using foliar urea or methyl-jasmonate: Analysis of growth, gas exchange, and isotope composition. Plant Growth Regul, 63, 55–62. DOI:1007/s10725-010-9511-8
  19. Delevatti, L.M., Cardoso, A.S., Barbero, R.P., Leite, R.G., Romanzini, E.P., Ruggieri, A.C., & Reis, R.A. (2019).Effect of nitrogen application rate on yield, forage quality, and animal performance in a tropical pasture. Scientific Reports, 9, 
  20. Dianati Tilaki, G.A. (2015). Effect of salinity stress (Na2So4) on Forage quality of Medicago polymorpha and Medicago scutelata. Watershed Management Research (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 107, 57-65. (In Persian with English Summary)
  21. Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A., & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017
  22. Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y., Ehteshamnia, A., Nabavi, M., Nabavi, F., Ebrahimzadeh, A., & Pourmand, F. (2011). Influence of environmental factors on antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of walnut. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(7), 11.
  23. Grieve, C.M., & Grattan, S.R. (1983). Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant and Soil, 70, 303-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02374789
  24. Hasani, M., Zamani, Z., Savaghebi, G., & Sofla, H.S. (2015). Effect of foliar and soil application of urea on leaf nutrients concentrations, yield and fruit quality of pomegranate. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 39, 749-755. DOI:1080/01904167.2015.1047525
  25. Hasegawa, P., Bressan, M., Zhu, R.A., & Bohnert, J.K.H.J. (2000). Plant cellular and molecular response to high salinity. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 51, 463-499. DOI: 1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.463
  26. Hayat, S., Hayat, Q., Alyemeni, M.N., Wani, A.S., Pichtel, J., & Ahmad, A. (2012). Role of proline under changing environments. A review. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 7, 1456-1466. DOI: 4161/psb.21949
  27. Hedayati-Firoozabadi, A., Kazemeini, S.A., Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., Ghadiri H., & Pessarakli, M. (2020). Forage yield and quality as affected by salt stress in different ratios of Sorghum bicolor-Bassia indica Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43, 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1783301
  28. Isayenkov, S.V., & Maathuis, F. (2019). Plant salinity stress; many unanswered questions remain. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00080
  29. Jafari, A., Connolly, V., Frolich, A., & Walsh, E. I. (2003). A note on estimation of quality parameters in perennial ryegrass by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 42, 293-299.
  30. Kammann, C.I., Linsel, S., Gobling, J.W., & Koyro, H. (2011). Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa wild and on soil-plant relation. Plant and Soil, 345, 195-210. DOI:1007/s11104-011-0771-5
  31. Khan, T., Mazid, M., & Mohammad, F. (2011). A review of ascorbic acid potentialities against oxidative stress in plants. Journal of Agrobiology, 28, 97-111. DOI: 10.2478/v10146-011-0011-x
  32. Lichtenthaler, H.K., & Buschmann, C. (2001). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: measurement and characterization by UV-
  33. VIS spectroscopy. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry, F4.3.1-F4.3.8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142913.faf0403s01
  34. Meyer, D. (2005). Sweet clover production and management. North Dakota State University Extension Service. ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/hay/r862w.htm. Accessed 16 October 2008. National Academy of Sciences. 1971. Atlas of nutritional data on United States and Canadian feeds. Washington DC: NAS. 772p.
  35. Moosavifar, B.E., Khazaei, H.R., & Kafi, M. (2019). The determine of nutrition value of Kochia (Kochia Scoparia) forage under salinity and deficit irrigation conditions. Journal of Agroecology, 11(2), 619-634. (In Persian with English Summary)
  36. Nabati, J., Kafi, M., Nezami, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Masoumi, A., & Zare Mehrgerdi, M. (2014). Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage kochia (Kochia scoparia) in different salinity levels and time. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12, 613–620.
  37. Oko, B.F.D., Eneji, A.E., Binang, W., Irshad, M., Yamamoto, S., Honna, T., & Endo, T. (2003). Effect of foliar application of urea on reproductive abscission and grain yield of soybean. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 26(6), 1223–1234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-120020366
  38. Puyang, X., An, M., Han, L., & Zhang, X. (2015). Protective effect of spermidine on salt stress induced oxidative damage in two Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) cultivars. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 117, 96-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.023
  39. Rady, M.M., & Hemida, K.A. (2016). Sequenced application of ascorbate-proline-glutathione improves salt tolerance in maize seedlings. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 133, 252-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.028
  40. Rogers, M., Colmer, T., Frost, K., Henry, D, Cornwall, D., Hulm, E., Deretic, J., Hughes, S., & Craig, A. (2008). Diversity in the genus Melilotus for tolerance to salinity and waterlogging. Plant and Soil, 304, 89-101.
  41. Ruan, J., & Gerendás, J. (2015). Absorption of foliar-applied urea-15N and the impact of low nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and sulfur nutritional status in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 61, 653-663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2015.1027134
  42. Sajid, Z.A., & Aftab, F. (2016). Foliar spray of ascorbic acid improves salinity tolerance in Solanum tuberosum Acta Horticulturae, 1145, 69-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1145.10
  43. Sharma, P., & Dubey, R.S. (2005). Drought induces oxidative stress and enhances the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation, 46, 209-221.
  44. Stefanovic, D., Tesic, D., & Ljiljana, R. (2015). Melilotus albus and Dorycnium herbaceum extracts as source of phenolic compounds and their antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant potentials. Journal Food Drug Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 23(3), 417-424. DOI: 1016/j.jfda.2015.01.003
  45. Storey, R., Ahmad, N., & Wyn Jones, R.G. (1977). Taxonomic and ecological aspects of the distribution of glycine betaine and related compounds in plants. Oecologia, 27, 319-332. DOI: 1007/BF00345565
  46. Talat, A., Nawaz, K., Hussain, K., Bhatti, K.H., Siddiqi, E.H., Khalid, A., Anwer, S., & Sharif, M.U. (2013). Foliar application of proline for salt tolerance of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. World Applied Sciences Journal, 22, 547–554. DOI:10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.22.04.19570
  47. Teimouri, A., Jafari, M., & Azarniv, H. (2009). Effect of proline, soluble carbohydrates and water potential on resistance to salinity of three Salsola species. Desert, 14, 15-20. DOI: 22059/JDESERT.2010.21742
  48. Turner, C. (1981). Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water stress. Plant and Soil, 58, 339-366.
  49. Valizadeh, R., Mahmoudi-Abyane, M., & Ganjavi R. (2016). Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and fermentative gas production of Kochia scoparia irrigated by water containing different level of salinity. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 8(2), 238-247. (In Persian with English Summary) DOI: 22067/IJASR.V8I2.27715
  50. Valizadeh-Kamran, R., Vajdi Mehrabani, L., & Pessarakli, M. (2019). Effects of foliar application of methanol on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas under NaCl salinity conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42, 1-8. DOI:10.1080/01904167.2018.1554677
  51. Venkatesh, M.S., & Basu, P.S. (2011). Effect of foliar application of urea on growth, yield and quality of chickpea under rainfed conditions. Journal of Food Legumes, 24(2), 110-112.

52. Wani, A.S., Ahmad, A., Hayat, S., & Tahir, I. (2016). Is foliar spray of proline sufficient for mitigation of salt stress in Brassica juncea cultivars? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 13413-13423. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6533-4

ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 25 آبان 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 10 اردیبهشت 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 17 اردیبهشت 1401
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 17 اردیبهشت 1401

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار