ارزیابی کاربرد بیوچار به‌همراه کودهای آلی و زیستی بر کمیت و کیفیت اسانس گیاه نعنا فلفلی (Mentha piperita L.) در کشاورزی اکولوژیک

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ایران.

2 گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ایران.

3 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ایران.

چکیده

کشت گیاهان دارویی و معطر از دیرباز دارای جایگاه ویژه‌ای در نظام‌های سنتی کشاورزی ایران بوده و این نظام‌ها از نظر ایجاد تنوع و پایداری نقش مهمی ایفا کرده‌اند. از بین گیاهان دارویی می‌توان به نعنا فلفلی  (Mentha piperita L.)اشاره کرد که تغذیه و جذب مناسب عناصر معدنی نقش به‌سزایی در افزایش عملکرد کمّی و کیفی آن دارد. پژوهش حاضر به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری در سال 1396 به ‌اجرا درآمد. عوامل مورد مطالعه شامل بیوچار در دو سطح (صفر و 10 تن در هکتار) و کودهای آلی و زیستی در پنج سطح (عدم مصرف کود، ازتوباکتر، سودوموناس، میکوریزا و ورمی‌کمپوست) و صفت‌های اندازه‌گیری شده نیز شامل عملکرد، درصد و ترکیبات اسانس نعنا فلفلی بود. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثرات اصلی بیوچار و کودهای آلی و زیستی تأثیر معنی­داری بر وزن تر اندام هوایی در سطح احتمال یک درصد داشت، درحالی‌که برهم‌کنش تیمارهای آزمایش بر این صفت معنی‌دار نشد. بر اساس نتایج، مصرف 10 تن در هکتار بیوچار سبب افزایش 96/42 درصدی وزن تر اندام هوایی در مقایسه با عدم مصرف آن شد. در بررسی اثر اصلی کودهای آلی و زیستی نتایج گویای این مطلب بود که بیشترین و کمترین وزن تر اندام هوایی در مترمربع به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای آزمایشی میکوریزا و شاهد (عدم مصرف کود آلی و زیستی) با میانگین 95/667 و 08/418 گرم در مترمربع حاصل شد. بیشترین وزن خشک اندام هوایی گیاه با میانگین 08/89 گرم در مترمربع مربوط به مصرف توأم بیوچار و میکوریزا و کمترین متعلق به شاهد (عدم مصرف بیوچار و کود آلی و زیستی) با میانگین 76/61 گرم در مترمربع بود. همچنین نتایج حاکی از آن بود که اثر متقابل بیوچار و کودهای آلی و زیستی روی ترکیبات اسانس مانند Menthone،Menthol ، α-Pinene، Cineol-1,8، iso Menthone، Pulegone، Piperitone oxide،Menthyl acetate و Menthofuran معنی‌دار گردید. به‌طور کلی، نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد بیوچار می‌تواند هم در کیفیت و هم در کمیت اسانس نعنا فلفلی مؤثر باشد، به‌طوری‌که بیشترین درصد اسانس و اکثر ترکیبات اسانس نعنا فلفلی در تیمارهای همراه با مصرف بیوچار به‌دست آمد. از طرفی دیگر، کاربرد کودهای زیستی و آلی توانست منجر به به افزایش درصد اسانس و ترکیبات کیفی اسانس نعنا فلفلی شود. در این بین، کاربرد باکتری ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس به‌همراه بیوچار بیشترین تأثیر را بر کیفیت اسانس نعنا فلفلی به‌خصوص در ترکیبات منتول و منتون داشتند. در نهایت، می‌توان اذعان داشت که کاربرد توأمان بیوچار به همراه کودهای زیستی می‌تواند تأثیر زیادی در افزایش کمّی و کیفی اسانس نعنا فلفلی در کشاورزی اکولوژیک داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Biochar Application with Organic and Biological Fertilizers on the Quantity and Quality of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Essential Oil in Ecological Agriculture

نویسندگان [English]

  • Faezeh Zaefarian 1
  • Vahid Akbarpour 2
  • Mohammad Kaveh 3
  • Maryam Habibi 3
1 Department of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Iran.
2 Department of Horticulture, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Iran.
3 Department of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants has had long a special rank in the traditional agricultural systems of Iran and these systems have played an important role in creating diversity and sustainability. Management of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is a medicinal plant, which proper nutrition and absorption of mineral elements play an important role in increasing its quantitative and qualitative performance. The high cost of fertilizers in farming systems, soil pollution and degradation of soil are factors that caused to full use of available renewable nutrient sources of plant (organic and biological) with optimal application of fertilizers in order to maintain fertility, structure, biological activity, exchange capacity and water-holding capacity of the water in soil. The global approach to balance nutrition and the production of medicinal plants, towards the use of sustainable agricultural systems and the use of management methods, such as application of biofertilizers, is improvement the quantitative and qualitative performance of these plants. So, the use of natural inputs such as organic and biological fertilizers seems to be a good way to move towards a sustainable production system. Accordingly, due to the possible effect of organic fertilizers such as biochar and vermicompost and biological fertilizers like mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria on the quantity and quality of peppermint essential oil, this research was carried out under organic conditions.
Materials and Methods
The present research was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design in three replications at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2017. The experimental site is located at 36º 39ʹ42ʺ N latitude and 53º03´54ʺ E longitude with -11 m above sea level. Soil samples were taken from depths of 0-30 cm before land preparation. Treatment consisted biochar on two level (0 and 10 ton ha-1) and organic and biological fertilizers on five level (no fertilizer, vermicompost (10 ton ha-1), Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter and Arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae, G. intradices and G. etunicatum. Weeds and pests were controlled mechanically or by hand and no herbicides or pesticides were used. The measured properties also included the pepermint yield, essential oil and essential oil compounds.Results and Discussion
The results of analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of biochar and organic and biological fertilizers had a significant effect on the shoot fresh weight at 1% of probability level, while the interaction effect of experimental treatments on this trait did not have significant effect. According to the results, application of 10 ton ha-1 of biochar, caused a 42.96% increase in shoot fresh weight compared to no application. In the study of the simple effect of organic and biological fertilizers on shoot fresh weight, the results showed that the highest and lowest ones were obtained with mycorrhiza application and control (no application of organic and biological fertilizers) with an average of 667.95 and 418.08 g m-2, respectively. The highest shoot dry weight with an average of 89.08 g m-2 was associated with the combined use of biochar and mycorrhiza and the lowest one belonged to the control (no application of biochar and organic and biological fertilizers) with an average of 61.76 g m-2. The results also showed that the interaction of biochar and organic and biological fertilizers on essential oil compounds such as Menthone, Menthol, α-Pinene, Cineol-1,8, iso Menthone, Pulegone, Piperitone oxide, Menthyl acetate and Menthofuran was significant.
Conclusion
In general, the results showed that the use of biochar and biological and organic fertilizers can be effective in both the quality and quantity of peppermint essential oil, when the highest percentage of essential oil and the most peppermint essential oil compounds were obtained in treatments with application of biochar and biological and organic fertilizers. Where, the use of the bacterium Azobacter and Pseudomonas with biochar had the greatest effect on the quality of peppermint essential oil, especially in Menthol and Menton compounds. Finally, it can be concluded that the combined use of biochar with biological fertilizers has a significant impact on the quantitative and qualitative increase of peppermint essential oil in ecological or low input agricultural.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Azotobacter
  • Menthol
  • Menthone
  • Mycorrhizal
  • Pseudomonas
  • vermicompost
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