بررسی اثرات زیست‌محیطی کشت سویا (Glycine max (L.) Merril) در مناطق شرقی و مرکزی استان مازندران با رویکرد ارزیابی چرخه حیات

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 گروه زراعت، پژوهشکده ژنتیک و زیست‌فناوری کشاورزی طبرستان، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.

3 گروه مهندسی مکانیک بیوسیستم، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

4 گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.

چکیده

دستیابی به تولید بیش‌تر غذا به‌دلیل محدودیت منابع آبی و زمین‌های زراعی در مقایسه با جمعیت در حال رشد و افزایش تقاضای مصرف نیازمند افزایش عملکرد در واحد سطح با مصرف بیش‌تر مواد و انرژی است؛ که علاوه‌بر هزینه بیش‌‌تر منجر به پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی جبران‌ناپذیری نیز خواهد شد. در این راستا، نیاز به بررسی دقیق وضعیت زیست‌محیطی تولیدات کشاورزی به‌منظور شناسایی نقاط بحرانی زیست‌محیطی با هدف تلاش برای کاهش آن‌ها برای رسیدن به تولید پایدارتر محصولات کشاورزی احساس می‌شود. با توجه به این حقیقت، مطالعه حاضر به بررسی اثرات زیست‌محیطی تولید سویا (Glycine max (L.) Merril) در شهرستان‌های مختلف استان مازندران با رویکرد ارزیابی چرخه حیات پرداخته است. به‌منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اثرات زیست‌محیطی از مدل IMPACT 2002+ موجود در نرم‌افزار سیماپرو (SimaPro) به‌ازای واحد کارکردی یک تن دانه تولیدی استفاده و در نهایت، نتایج ارزیابی در قالب چهار گروه آسیب سلامت انسان، کیفیت بوم‌نظام، تغییر اقلیم و خسارت به منابع ارائه گردید. نتایج پژهش حاضر نشان داد که کشت سویا در منطقه و تحت شرایط کنونی مصرف نهاده‌ها دارای بیش‌ترین تأثیر بر شاخص آسیب سلامت انسان بوده که انتشار مستقیم (داخل مزرعه) ناشی از مصرف نهاده‌های دیزل و کود شیمیایی بیش‌ترین سهم را در این رده خسارت داشتند. از نظر پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی نیز انتشار مستقیم ناشی از عملیات زراعی (به‌ویژه نشر کربن دی اکسید حاصل از احتراق دیزل) بیش از 51 درصد از خسارت کل این رده اثر را به خود اختصاص داده بود. مقادیر کل خسارت‌ زیست‌محیطی برای تولید یک تن دانه سویا در شهرستان‌های مختلف از mPt 76/228 تا mPt 77/439 متغیر بوده که در این بین شهرستان‌های گلوگاه و قائم‌شهر، کم‌ترین و ساری و آمل، بیش‌ترین مقدار را داشتند. به‌طور کلی، نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تولید و استفاده از سوخت دیزل و کودهای شیمیایی اصلی‌ترین نقاط بحرانی زیست‌محیطی در تولید سویا در استان مازندران بودند. بنابراین، به‌منظور کاهش اثرات زیست‌محیطی تولید سویا در این منطقه، می‌توان از روش‌های مدیریتی صحیحی چون استفاده از نهاده‌های بوم‌سازگار از جمله ریزجانداران افزاینده رشد گیاه، برقراری تناوب صحیح زراعی و قرار دادن گیاهان مناسب و سازگار با شرایط منطقه در تناوب با سویا، خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی و تجهیز و نوسازی ماشین‌آلات فرسوده بهره جست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] Cultivation in the Eastern and Central Regions of Mazandaran Province using Life Cycle Assessment

نویسندگان [English]

  • Faezeh Mohammadi Kashka 1
  • Zeinolabedin Tahmasebi Sarvestani 1
  • Hemmatollah Pirdashti 2
  • Ali Motevali 3
  • Mehdi Nadi 4
1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Agronomy, Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
3 Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
4 Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Food security and sustainable agriculture are among the most challenging issues for the human being in the present age. These daunting challenges have arisen in the face of dramatic population growth as well as rising living standards, lifestyle, and, as a result, increased demand for a variety of foods. Due to limited water resources and arable lands, to achieve more production, it is necessary to increase the yield per unit area by using more materials (e.g., chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and fossil fuels) and energy. Obviously, in addition to the higher cost, it will lead to irreparable environmental consequences. In this regard, to achieve more sustainable production of agricultural products, there is a need to carefully evaluate the environmental status of these products in order to identify environmental hotspots to optimize them. Due to this, a study was conducted to assess the environmental damages to the soybean production system in different cities of Mazandaran province with a life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective.
 
Materials and Methods
In the present survey, LCA approach was applied to evaluate the environmental impact and determine the most important hotspots of soybean produced in the cities scale of Mazandaran province (13 cities with soybean cultivation). LCA is a method that examines the environmental impacts associated with a product (or process) throughout its lifetime by accounting for resource consumption and pollutant emissions. For this purpose, the farm gate was considered the system boundary. Necessary data for LCA inventory were also obtained through face-to-face interviews with 303 farmers in 2019 and the EcoInvent 3.5 database in SimaPro 9.0.0.49 software. The potential environmental impacts were assessed by the IMPACT2002+ (v2.15) model in the software based on 1 ton of soybean seed produced as the functional unit (FU). Finally, impact assessment results of the soybean production system were presented in four environmental damage groups: human health, ecosystem quality, climate change, and resources.
 
Results and Discussion
The findings revealed that soybean cultivation in the region and under the current conditions of inputs consumption has the highest impact on human health indicators that direct emissions from diesel fuel combustion and application of chemical fertilizers in the field play a major role in this damage category. Direct emissions from field operations claimed the highest share (>51%) in increasing global warming potential, which was mainly a result of CO2 emissions from burning diesel fuel. In addition, the findings of the present study showed that diesel fuel, followed by nitrogen fertilizer, had the most substantial role in the resources damage category. More generally, the total environmental damage for the production of 1 ton of soybean seed in surveyed cities ranged from 228.76 to 439.77 mPt, among which the cities of Galugah and Qaemshahr (228.76 and 261.18 mPt, respectively) had the least and Amol, and Sari (438.06 and 439.77 mPt, respectively) had the most value. To sum up, the LCA approach has been able to quantify the contribution of the soybean production system in causing environmental damage in the form of different damage categories by considering the amount of each of the inputs and their emissions based on a specific FU.
 
Conclusion
In general, it can be concluded that diesel and chemical fertilizers inputs and direct emissions caused by their consumption on farms were the most substantial environmental hotspots. These factors, in turn, arise from the mismanagement of soybean farms in Mazandaran. Hence, it seems that efficient management practices by informing farmers and support of the authorities to provide appropriate facilities to farmers can be an important step toward reducing the environmental consequences and developing the cultivation of this valuable crop in the region.
 
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Tarbiat Modares University and the assistance of the esteemed officials of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Agriculture-Jihad Organization of Mazandaran province, and especially the honorable farmers of this province to collect data for this study.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ecosystem quality
  • Global warming
  • Human health indicator
  • Life cycle impact assessment
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