مطالعه تطبیقی الگوی کشت و تناسب اراضی محصولات زراعی و باغی عمده در حوضه آبریز دریاچه ارومیه

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران

2 گروه اگرواکولوژی، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

3 مؤسسـه تحقیقـات خـاک و آب، سـازمان تحقیقـات، آمـوزش و تـرویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

طی دو دهه گذشته، دریاچه ارومیه به عنوان دومین دریاچه بزرگ شور جهان در معرض خشک شدن قرار گرفت و حجم و سطح آب آن تا 80 درصد کاهش پیدا کرد. این فرایند به عواملی نظیر تغییر اقلیم، افزایش مصرف آب در بخش کشاورزی و مدیریت نامناسب منابع آب نسبت داده شد. بنابراین، برنامه اصلاح الگوی کشت به عنوان یکی از راهکارهای احیای دریاچه ارومیه و استفاده پایدار از منابع طبیعی به ویژه آب و زمین در این حوضه مطرح گردید. در این مطالعه، به تغییرات الگوی کاشت، بهینه‌سازی الگوی کشت موجود با اهداف بیشینه‌سازی درآمد خالص، بهره‌وری اقتصادی آب و کمینه‌سازی مصرف آب و ارزیابی تناسب اراضی برای کشت محصولات زراعی و باغی عمده حوضه آبریز دریاچه ارومیه پرداخته شده است. برای ارزیابی تغییرات الگوی کشت از اطلاعات آماری وزارت جهاد کشاورزی طی سال­های 1395-1382 استفاده گردید. ارزیابی تناسب اراضی بر اساس روش پارامتریک برای 22 گیاه زراعی گندم، جو، ذرت ‌دانه‌ای، لوبیا، نخود، سویا، آفتابگردان، کلزا، گلرنگ، یونجه، سورگوم علوفه‌ای، سیب‌زمینی، هویج، پنبه، چغندرقند، سیر، توتون، گوجه فرنگی، پیاز، هندوانه، زعفران و خیار و 12 گیاه باغی بادام، زردآلو، هلو، شلیل، آلبالو، گیلاس، آلو، سیب، گلابی، انگور، گردو و پسته انجام گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که طی ده سال گذشته، سطح محصولات زراعی آبی در منطقه مورد مطالعه کاهش (از 357 هزار هکتار به 320 هزار هکتار) و به سطح محصولات باغی آبی افزوده (از 137 هزار هکتار به 164 هزار هکتار) شده است. مقایسه محصولات زراعی نشان می‌دهد که طی این مدت، سطح زیر کشت گندم (از حدود 151 هزار به حدود 110 هزار هکتار)، یونجه (از حدود 97 هزار به 82 هزار هکتار)، اسپرس (از حدود 15 هزار به نزدیک 5 هزار هکتار) و پیاز (از حدود 9800 به حدود 4800 هکتار) بیش از سایر محصولات کاهش پیدا کرده و سطح زیر کشت محصولاتی مانند ذرت علوفه‌ای (از 1354 هکتار به بیش از 5000 هکتار) و گوجه‌فرنگی (از 7382 هکتار به 8781 هکتار) افزایش یافته است. مقایسه محصولات باغی در دو مقطع زمانی (85-1382و 95-1392) نشان می‌دهد که سطح زیر کشت درختان سیب، انگور، بادام، گردو و زردآلو طی این دوره به ترتیب بیشترین سطح را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند. مقایسه سطح زیرکشت محصولات باغی نشان می‌دهد که سطح زیر کشت درختان سیب (از حدود 62 هزار به بیش از 69 هزار هکتار)، زردآلو (از حدود 5800 به حدود7300 هکتار)، آلو (از حدود 840 به بیش از 3000 هکتار) و هلو (از حدود 3523 هکتار به 5667 هکتار) افزایش و سطح کشت انگور (از حدود بیش از 38 هزار به حدود 34 هزار هکتار) کاهش پیدا کرده است. نتایج تناسب اراضی نشان می‌دهد که در بین محصولات زراعی مطالعه شده، گندم و جو با بیش از 375 هزار هکتار بیشترین سطح رده مناسب را به خود اختصاص داده و محصولات کلزا و یونجه با بیش از 350 هزار هزار هکتار، آفتابگردان با بیش از 340 هزار هکتار، ذرت دانه‌ای با بیش از 330 هزار هکتار و محصولات سیب‌زمینی، پیاز و گوجه‌فرنگی با حدود 330 هزار هکتار بیشترین سطح رده مناسب را به خود اختصاص می‌دهند. در بین محصولات باغی مورد مطالعه، گیلاس، آلبالو، زردآلو و سیب با بیش از 350 هزار هکتار، گردو با بیش از 340 هزار هکتار و هلو با حدود 330 هزار هکتار به ترتیب بیشترین سطح رده مناسب را به خود اختصاص می‌دهند. نتایج بهینه‌سازی الگوی کشت با در نظر گرفتن تناسب اراضی و محدودیت‌های منطقه‌ای برای محصولات باعث کاهش 7/11 درصدی در مصرف آب و افزایش 1/27 و 9/43 درصدی به ترتیب در کل درآمد منطقه و شاخص بهره‌وری اقتصادی آب در مقایسه با الگوی کشت موجود گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative Study of Cropping Pattern and Land Suitability of Major Horticultural and Field Crops in the Urmia Lake Basin

نویسندگان [English]

  • Javad Vafabakhsh 1
  • Arash Mohammadzade 2
  • Kambiz Bazargan 3
  • Mirnaser Navidi 3
1 Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Khorasan-Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran
2 Department of Agroecology, Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3 Soil and Water Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Over the last two decades, Urmia Lake, the second largest hypersaline lake by area in the world, has been largely desiccated and its water volume and surface area have declined by 80%. Generally, this process is attributed to a combination of factors including climate change, water overuse for agriculture within the lake’s watershed, and mismanagement of water resources. One of the widely suggested solutions in restoration program of Urmia lake for sustainable use of land and water resources is the modification of cropping pattern within the lake’s watershed. Land suitability analysis helps planners and policy makers in the agriculture sector in deciding on the presence or absence of a specific plant in the optimal cropping pattern. The present study analyzed the cropping pattern and evaluated land suitability for major field and horticultural crops in the Urmia lake basin.
Material and Methods
All required data were obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture - Jihad. Weighted goal programming (WGP) model was applied to optimization of cropping pattern with considering three goals including maximizing net return (NR), maximizing economic water productivity (EWP) and minimizing water consumption (WC). GAMS software were used to solve the optimization model. Land suitability evaluation was done using Parametric Method for 22 field crops including wheat, barley, grain maize, bean, soybean, sunflower, canola, safflower, alfalfa, forage sorghum, potato, carrot, cotton, sugar beet, garlic, tobacco, tomato, onion, watermelon, saffron and cucumber and 12 horticultural crops including almond, apricot, peach, nectarine, sour cherry, sweet cherry, plum, apple, pear, grape, walnut and pistachio.      
Results and Discussion
The results revealed that during the past 10 years (from 3-years average of 2004-2006 to 2014-2016), cultivated area of irrigated field crops in the study area had declined in contrast to increasing trend of cultivated area for irrigated horticultural crops. Comparison of field crops for this period shows that area of wheat (from 151000 to 110000 ha), alfalfa (from 97000 to 82000 ha), sainfoin (from 15000 to 5000 ha) and onion (from 9800 to 4800 ha) had reduced while the corn silage (from 1354 to 5000 ha) and tomato (from 7382 to 8781 ha) cultivated area had increased in that period. Comparatively, the area of apple (from 62000 to 69000 ha), apricot (from 5800 to 7300 ha), plum (from 840 to 3000 ha) and peach (from 3523 to 5667 ha) had increased between two-time interval (from 3-years average of 2004-2006 to 2014-2016) in contrast to decrement of grape (from 38000 to 34000 ha) cultivated area. Results of land suitability evaluation showed that among the studied field crops, the highest suitable order area (including S1, S2 and S3 classes) were related to wheat and barley by more than 375000 ha followed by canola and alfalfa with more than 350000 ha, sunflower with more than 340000 ha, grain maize with more than 330000 ha and potato, onion and tomato with 330000 ha. Among the horticultural crops, the highest area of suitable order was related to sweet cherry, sour cherry, apricot and apple with more than 350000 ha followed by walnut with more than 340000 ha and peach by about 330000 ha. Results of cropping pattern optimization showed that total water consumption about 378 MCM (11.7%) reduced compared to current cropping pattern however, total net return and economic water productivity increased about 27.1% and 43.9%, respectively. Crops characterized with relatively higher water requirements and lower economic benefits (viz. apricot, cotton, plum, safflower, and etc.) eliminated from cropping pattern. By contrast, area under crops such as saffron, pistachio, sorghum, sweet cherry, garlic and cucumber crops recommended to optimal cropping pattern mainly because of relatively lower water consumption and higher economic benefits. 
Conclusion
In the present study, geographical distribution of suitable areas and main limiting factors for cultivation of each crop was determined. Generally, in the optimal cropping patterns, total water consumption decreased against an increase in net return and economic water productivity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crop production limiting factors
  • Goal Programming
  • Water Productivity

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 01 مهر 1398
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 16 مهر 1398
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 22 مهر 1398
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 22 مهر 1398

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