راهبردهای گذار از کشاورزی رایج به پایدار در ایران: - بهبود کارایی مصرف نهاده‏ ها

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• علیرضا کوچکی ¹
• مهدی نصیری محلاتی ¹
• روح اله مرادی ^{1، 2}
• حامد منصوری ^{1، 3}

¹ گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

² گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی بردسیر، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، ایران

³ مؤسسـه تحقیقات چغندرقند، همدان، ایران

10.22067/jag.v9i3.27137

چکیده

بهبود کارایی مصرف نهاده‏های کشاورزی اولین مرحله برای گذار از کشاورزی رایج به کشاورزی پایدار می باشد. در این راستا مطالعه حاضر جهت بررسی وضعیت موجود کارایی استفاده از نهاده‏های مختلف وارائه راهکارهاییبه‌منظور افزایش کارایی استفاده از نهاده‏ها در بوم‏نظام‏های زراعی کشور صورت گرفت. بدین منظور، مطالعات انجام گرفته شامل 177 پژوهش در زمینه میزان و کارایی استفاده از نهاده‏های مختلف از منابع اطلاعاتی متنوع موجود استخراج و مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج بررسی‏ها نشان داد که به‌طور کلی با افزایش میزان مصرف نهاده‏های مختلف در گروه‏های مختلف گیاهان زراعی، کارایی زراعی استفاده از نهاده‏ها کاهش یافت. شیب کاهش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن به‌ازای افزایش یک کیلوگرم از این نهاده برای گیاهان زراعی مختلف از 2/1 در گیاه سیب‌زمینی (Solanum tuberosum L.) تا 12/0 در گروه حبوبات متفاوت بود. این روند برای کارایی مصرف آب از 62/10 برای سیب‌زمینی تا 27/0 در چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) حاصل شد. در منابع مختلف راهکارهای متفاوتی برای افزایش مصرف نهاده‏ها ارائه شده است. در زمینه بهبود کارایی مصرف نیتروژن، راهکارهایی همچون مدیریت نوع منبع کودی مورد استفاده، تقسیط کاربرد نیتروژن و همچنین محلول‏پاشی گزارش شده است. برای بهبود کارایی مصرف آب نیز به تغییر روش‌های آبیاری رایج به سمت آبیاری تحت فشار، استفاده از خاکپوش‏ها و شخم کاهش‏یافته اشاره شده است. تغییر در تراکم و آرایش کاشت به منظور دریافت حداکثر تشعشع نیز به عنوان روش‏های بهبود کارایی جذب نور بیان گردید. برای بهبود کارایی مصرف سایر نهاده‏های شیمیایی و به‌ویژه علف‌کش‌ها استفاده از تکنولوژی‏های پیشرفته، تقسیط زمان مصرف و ترکیب آن‌ها با افزودنی‏هایی همچون مویان‏ها و روغن‏ها پیشنهاد شده‌است. با توجه به نتایج این بررسی، بین کارایی مصرف آب و نیتروژن رابطه مثبت ولی ضعیف با ضریب تبیین 049/0 مشاهده شد، در صورتی که بین کارایی سایر نهاده‌ها رابطه مشخصی مشاهده نشد. به‌طور کلی علی‌رغم این‌که مطالعات و پژوهش‏هایی در این زمینه در سطح کشور انجام گرفته است و راهکارهایی جهت بهبود کارایی مصرف نهاده‌ها ارائه شده است ولی اتخاذ‌‏های لازم در جهت انتقال این راهکارها به کشاورزان در سطح کشور مورد نیاز می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• الگوی کاشت
• بهره‌وری
• بوم سازگار
• تقسیط
• خاکپوش
• مویان

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

Strategies of Transition to Sustainable Agriculture in Iran I- Improving Resources Use Efficiency

نویسندگان [English]

• Alireza Koocheki ¹
• Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati ¹
• Rohollah Moradi ^{1 2}
• Hamed Mansouri ^{1 3}

¹ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

² Department of Plant Productions, Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran

³ Sugar Beet Research Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Fast switch to sustainable agriculture patterns is not impossible for many farmers. However to achieve perfect sustainable in agro-ecosystems which are friendly with environment, changing conventional to sustainable agriculture should be carried slowly. For this purpose, three effective steps were mentioned: first level is increasing of inputs efficiency such as fertilizer and chemical pesticides which used in conventional agriculture now. Second level is related to changing inputs by friendly environmental inputs as alternative inputs and the final level is redesigning of the agro-ecosystems that its function is based on series of ecological process. On the other hand, achieving sustainable agriculture requires higher efficiency of inputs and many process should be replaced by friendly environmental inputs with chemical inputs and new system is designed based on ecological principles. The objective of this study was to offer approaches for improving inputs use efficiency as first step to transition from conventional to sustainable agriculture.

Material and Methods
In order to evaluate the transition status from conventional to sustainable agriculture in agro-ecosystems of Iran, scientific resource and researches that was performed about increasing of inputs efficiency as first step to transition from conventional to sustainable agriculture was studied. For this purpose, 177 studies that had been performed about using different inputs and its efficiency in various crops were assessed. Applied inputs included water, nitrogen and herbicides and studied plants included cereals (wheat, barley, rice, maize and sorghum), beans (bean, pea and lentil), oil crops (canola, sunflower, safflower and sesame), medicinal plants, potato, sugar beet and cotton. In this study, average and range of inputs use efficiency in different crops and also the relationship between increasing of inputs application with their use efficiency was assessed. In the next part of the study, the potential of increasing resource use efficiency without increase in inputs was evaluated. Management approaches was considered as main factor to increase in resource use efficiency without increasing of inputs.

Results and Discussion
Many studies have shown that the range of resource use efficiency for various crops is different in Iran. Nitrogen use efficiency for fine-grain cereals ranged from 4.76 to 83 and for coarse-grain cereals was 3.6-94 by 37 and 44 as average, respectively. The higher mean resource use efficiency in coarse-grain cereal in comparison to fine-grain cereal was due to higher yield of coarse-grain cereal. On the other hand, a coarse-grain cereal use lower nitrogen to produce one kilogram grain than fine-grain cereal. Potato has the highest nitrogen use efficiency by 190 as average and 22-510 as its ranging among other crops. Medicinal plants had the lowest mean of nitrogen use efficiency. The results of the investigations illustrated that there was a negative relation between increasing of nitrogen amount and its use efficiency in fine-grain cereal by 0.65 as determination coefficient. The trend of water use efficiency showed that increasing of extra water had adverse effect on its use efficiency in all crops. Reduction slope of water use efficiency by applied water amount in various crops was different and the highest decreasing was for potato as -10.6 and the lowest decreasing was -0.27 for sugar beet. Water use efficiency for oil crops was reported from 15-111 kg per cm water. Some solutions was reported to improve nitrogen use efficiency such as type of fertilizer source, split of nitrogen application and foliar application, also changing common irrigation to pressurized irrigation methods, applying mulches and reduced tillage to also improve of water use efficiency. To improve other inputs use efficiency especially herbicides, using advanced technologies, splitting application time and mixed them with additives such as adjuvant and oils was suggested. According to the findings of this study, the positive relation was observed between water and nitrogen use efficiency with 0.049 determination coefficient, whereas it was not observed the clear correlation between other inputs.

Conclusion
In general, it is necessary to adopt transferring these findings and solutions to farmers in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Adjuvant
• Ecological
• Mulch
• Planting pattern
• productivity
• Split

مراجع

Afshar, H., and Mehrabadi H. 2008. Investigation on yield and yield components of cotton in drip and furrow irrigation methods. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 23: 557-570. (In Persian with English Summary)

Afshar, H., Sadrghaen, S.H., and Mehrabadi, H.R. 2013. Evaluation of application of plastic mulch on water used and seed cotton yield. Journal of Water and Soil 26: 1421-1427. (In Persian with English Summary)

Afzali Gorouh, H., Asoodar, M.A., and Khodarahmpoor, Z. 2012. Effect of irrigation method and tillage level on water use Efficiency and Corn Grain Yield (Zea mays L.) in Kerman. Journal of Science of Water and Soil 22: 47-58. (In Persian with English Summary)

Akmal, M., and Janssens, M.J.J. 2004. Productivity and light use efficiency of perennial ryegrass with contrasting water and nitrogen supplies. Field Crops Research 88: 143-155.

Aliabasi, H.R., and Esfahani, M. 2007. Effect of level and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer on rate and length of rice seed filling. Science Journal of Agriculture 30: 25-28. (In Persian with English Summary)

Aliabasi, H.R., Kavusi, M., Esfahani, M., and Rabiei, B. 2009. Effect of level and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer on NUE of rice (Khazar cultivar). Iranian Journal of Crop Science 40: 1-11. (In Persian with English Summary)

Anagholi, A., Kashiri, M., Zeinali, E., and Ezat-Ahmadi, M. 2006. Influence of the amount and time of nitrogen application on yield and yield components in wheat (cv. Zagroos) under rainfed condition. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 13: 7-14. (In Persian with English Summary)

Asadi, S., Zavareh, M., Shokri Vahed, H., and Shahin Rokhsar, P. 2011. Effect of supplement foliar application of nitrogen and potassium on yield, grain quality and nitrogen utilization efficiency of hybrid rice c.v. Bahar-1. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 4: 175-190. (In Persian with English Summary)

Atlasi, V., Mamghani, R., Meskarbashi, M., and Nabipur, M. 2006. Effect of planting design on radiation use efficiency and dry mater cumulation in canopy of three cultivar of spring canola. Journal of Science Agriculture 152: 129-139. (In Persian with English Summary)

Baghestani, M.A., Zand, E., Lotfifar, A., Atri, A., and Mottaghi, S. 2012. Response of different varieties of wild barley to time and dose of herpicide application. Journal of Plant Protection 26: 243-251. (In Persian with English Summary)

Bahrani, A., and Tahmasebi Sarvestani, Z. 2005. Effects of rate and time of nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield component, and dry matter remobilization efficiency in two winter wheat cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science 36: 1263-1271. (In Persian with English Summary)

Bahrani, M.J., and Seyyedi, A. 2005. Effect of plant density and fertilizer application method on grain yield and components yield of maize. Journal of Science of Agriculture and Natural Resources 12: 128-135. (In Persian with English Summary)

Beheshti, A., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2002. The effect of planting pattern on light interception and radiation use efficiency in canopy of three maize cultivars. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 18(4) :417-431. (In Persian with English Summary)

Brausch, J.M., and Smith, P.N. 2007. Toxicity of three polyethoxylated tallowamine surfactant formulations to laboratory and field collected fairy shrimp (Thamnocephalus platyurus). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52: 17-221.

Dadnia, M.R., and Khodabande, N. 1998. Maximizing of crop yield with the best revenue of using nitrogen fertilizer and inoculation of seed with bacteria in sustainable agricultural systems in soynean (Glycine max L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 2: 33-41. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ebrahim Pour, F., Mousavi, S.H., Moshattati, A., and Mousavian, S.N. 2011. Effects of application time of Chevalier herbicide and mixture of Illoxan with Granstar on wheat and weed in Ahwaz. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 4: 31-41. (In Persian with English Summary)

FAO. 2009. Agriculture production; http,//faostat.fao.org/faostat. (Visited 16 May 2013)

Gliessman, S.R., and Rosemeyer, M. 2010. The Conversion to Sustainable Agriculture. Principle, Processes and Practice. CRC Press. Taylor and Francis.

Jami Moeini, M., Modarres Sanavy, A.M., Keshavarz, P., Sorooshzadeh, A., and Ganjeali, A. 2009. Influence of nitrogen rate and split application method on tuber yield and some quantitative characteristics of different potato cultivars. Journal of Horticultural Science 23: 46-56. (In Persian with English Summary)

Jolaini, M. 2011. Investigation the effect of different water and plastic mulch levels on yield and water use efficiency of tomato in surface and subsurface drip irrigation method. Journal of Water and Soil 25: 1025- 1033. (In Persian with English Summary)

Kamkar, B., and Mahdavi Damghani, A.M. 2008. Principle of Sustainable Agriculture. Jihad Daneshgahi of Mashhad press, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)

Kargar, M., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Nezami, A., and Izadi, E. 2009. Optimazing the performance of clodinafop-propargil by sitogate surfactant and castor oil on control little seed canary grass. 4thConference of Iranian Weed Science p.826-829. (In Persian with English Summary)

Kashfi, S.M.H., Majnoun Hosseini, N., and Zeinali Khaneghah, H. 2011. Effect of plant density and starter nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Kourosh) at Karaj conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 1: 11-20. (In Persian with English Summary)

Koocheki, A. 1998. Sustainable agriculture, knowledge or method? Agricultural Economic and Development 20: 53-72. (In Persian with English Summary)

Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Moradi, R., and Alizadeh, Y. 2013a. Evaluation of yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize and cotton intercropping under different nitrogen levels. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research In Press. (In Persian with English Summary)

Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Moradi, R., and Mansoori, H. 2013b. Strategies of transition to sustainable agriculture in Iran II- Inputs replacement and designing agroecosystem. Agroecology Journal. In Press. (In Persian with English Summary)

Krogh, K.A., Halling-Sorensen, B., Mogensen, B.B., and Vejrup, K.V. 2003. Environmental properties and effects of nonionic surfactant adjuvants in pesticides: A review. Chemosphere 50: 871-901.

Lamm, F.R., and Trooien, T.P. 2003. Subsurface drip irrigation for corn production. A review of 10 years of research in Kansas. Irrigation Science 22: 195-200.

Malakuti, M.J., Baba-Akbari, M., and Nezami, S. 2009. Effect of different resources of fertilizer on yield, nitrogen use and recovery efficiency of wheat. Journal of Science of Water and Soil 49: 129-139. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mansourian, S., Alizadeh, H., and Zand, E. 2008. Effect of dose and application time of Metribuzin on grain yield of different wheat varieties. Journal of Weed Science 4: 65-74. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mirlohi, A.F., Haj-Abbasi, M.A., Razavi, J., and Ghanaati, A. 2001. Assessing response of different cultivar of maize to conventional and no-tillage in Esfahan. Journal of Science of Water and Soil 5: 117-125. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mirlohi, A.F., Mohammadi, R., Razavi, S.J., Majidi, M.M., and Nourbakhsh, F. 2009. Effect of organic fertilizers and split application of nitrogen on yield and yield components of rice. Journal of Plant Production 16: 29-43. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mirshekari, B., Darbandi, S., and Ejlali, L. 2007. Effect of irrigation intervals, nitrogen rate and nitrogen splitting on essence of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 9 (2):142-156. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mobasser, H.R., Bahadori, M., and Eftekhari, A. 2007. Effects of planting date, nitrogen aplitting and rhizobium bacteria on yield and yield component of soybean in Neka. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 4: 243-255. (In Persian with English Summary)

Musazade, M., and Baradaran, R. 2011. Study of effect of density and time of folair application of nitrogen on oil and essence yield of Nigella sativa L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 9: 422-427. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mustafavi-rad, M., Mahmoodi, V.R., and Tahmasbi, Z. 2007. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer form on dry matter remobilization, yield and some of agronomic traits of three wheat cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources 13: 1-8. (In Persian with English Summary)

Muurinen, S., and Peltonen-Sainio, P. 2006. Radiation-use efficiency of modern and old spring cereal cultivars and its response to nitrogen in northern growing conditions. Field Crops Research 96: 363-373.

Najafi, P. 2006. Effect of using sub-surface drip irrigation to increasing WUE in irrigation of some crops. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 73: 156-162. (In Persian with English Summary)

Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., Rezvani, P., and Beheshti, A.R. 2007. Agroecology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press, Mashhad, Iran 459 p. (In Persian)

Noorju, A., Hanare, M., and Hatami, S. 2010. Effect of black poly ethylene cover and planting design on yield and WUE of tomato. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Draining 2: 242-250. (In Persian with English Summary)

Nurgholi-Pur, F., Bagheri, Y., and Elahi, M.L. 2008. Effect of different resources of N fertilizer on yield and quality of wheat. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science 4: 120-129. (In Persian with English Summary)

Penner, D. 2000. Activator adjuvants. Weed Technology 14: 785-791.

Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Aliverdi, A., and Rahimi, S. 2011. Optimizing dosage of sethoxydim and fenoxaprop- p-ethyl with adjuvants to control wild oat. Industrial Crops and Products 34(3): 1583-1587.

Sadeghipur, A., and Faramarzi, A. 2008. Effect of alternative irrigation on seed yield and water use efficiency of bean cultivars. Journal of Modern Science of Agriculture 10: 73-74. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sadeghzade, S., Taleghani, D., Kashani, A., Siadat, S., and Noormohamadi, G. 2009. Effect of sowing date, planting density and cultivar on solar radiation interception indices in sugar beet I. Radiation interception and extinction coefficient. Sugerbeet Journal 25: 53-69. (In Persian with English Summary)

Salahi-Farahi, M., and Faraji, A. 2010. Effect of foliar application nitrogen and different irrigation levels on yield of canola (Option 500 cultivar) in Golestan. Journal of Soil Research 134: 124-127. (In Persian with English Summary)

Soleimani, R. 2008. Effect of rate and time of nitrogen application on grain yield and its components in spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 10(1): 47-59. (In Persian with English Summary)

Taherkhani, M., Golchin, A., and Noormohammadi, G. 2005. The effects of different rates of sulfur coated urea and other nitrogen fertilizer sources on seed yield and quality of winter rapeseed. Journal of Agricultural Science 5: 179-191. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tusi, P., Esfahani, M., Rabiei, M., and Rabiei, B. 2012. Effect of level and time of folair application of N on seed yield and NUE of canola as secondary planting. Iranian Journal of Crop Science 42: 387-396. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ziaeian, A.H., and Keshavarz, P. 2010. Increasing of NUE in potato by slow losses N fertilizers. Journal of Soil Researches 24: 107-115. (In Persian with English Summary)