ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی تولید ذرت علوفه‌ای (Zea mays L.) در خراسان جنوبی

اصفهانی, سید محمد  جعفر; نادری مهدیی, کریم; سعدی, حشمت اله; دوراندیش, آرش

doi:10.22067/jag.v10i1.60850

ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی تولید ذرت علوفه‌ای (Zea mays L.) در خراسان جنوبی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران ، ایران

² دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

³ گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بو علی سینا همدان، ایران

⁴ گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

10.22067/jag.v10i1.60850

چکیده

این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی اثرات زیست‌محیطی تولید ذرت علوفه‌ای (Zea mays L.) در استان خراسان جنوبی انجام شده است. برای این منظور از رویکرد ارزیابی چرخه حیات (LCA) استفاده و برای ارائه نتایج کاربردی‌تر و همچنین تخمین ظرفیت کاهش اثرات زیست محیطی با تکنیک تحلیل فراگیر داده‌ها ترکیب شد. اطلاعات مورد نیاز با استفاده از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه رو در رو با کشاورزان و کارشناسان کشاورزی گردآوری و با استفاده از بسته نرم‌افزاری DEAP2.1 , Simapro7 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. اثرات زیست‌محیطی برای تولید یک تن ذرت علوفه‌ای و با استفاده از روش IMPACT 2002+ که 15 شاخص اثر میانی و چهار شاخص اثر پایانی را شامل می‌شود، ارزیابی شد. نتایج کارایی نشان داد میانگین کارایی فنی و کارایی خالص فنی و کارایی مقیاس به‌ترتیب 80/0، 93/0 و 86/0 است. نتایج ارزیابی چرخه حیات نشان داد بیشترین بار محیطی در کشت ذرت علوفه-ای مربوط به شاخص مواد آلی غیر تنفسی و پس از آن شاخص‌های اثر گرمایش جهانی، انرژی تجدیدناپذیر و مواد سرطان‌زا در رده‌های بعد قرار دارند. ارزیابی طبقات آسیب نشان داد که بیشترین تأثیر بر روی شاخص سلامتی انسان بوده و شاخص تغییرات اقلیم و منابع در رده‌های بعدی قرار دارند. نتایج‌ شاخص‌های اثر در صورتی‌که واحد‌های ناکارا با اصلاح الگوی مصرف خود را به مرز کارایی برسانند، بین 28/3 درصد (اثر مواد سرطان‌زا) تا 25/28 (مسمومیت خاکی) درصد کاهش خواهند یافت. شاخص‌های اثر استخراج مواد معدنی با 01/25 درصد کاهش و اشغال زمین و امواج یونیزه کننده با 81/20 درصد پس از شاخص اثر مواد سرطان‌زا بیشترین میزان کاهش را نشان دادند. همچنین در بین نهاده های تولید الکتریسیته، کود حیوانی و انتشارات دورن سیستمی مهمترین نقش را در تأثیرات زیست محیطی تولید ذرت علوفه‌ای در منطقه داشتند. اصلاح نظام آبیاری و سیستم پمپاژ آب به منظور کاهش مصرف آب و الکتریسیته و همچنین ترغیب و آگاهی بخشی به کشاوزان در جهت استفاده بهینه از کودهای شیمیایی و استفاده از کود سبز به جای سایر کودها به منظور کاهش اثرات زیست محیطی تولید ذرت علوفه‌ای در منطقه توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

20.1001.1.20087713.1397.10.1.20.8

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluate the Environmental Impact of Silage Corn Production in South Khorasan Province

نویسندگان [English]

Seyed Mohammad Jafar Esfahani ¹
karim naderi mahdei ²
Heshmatollah Saadi ³
Arash Dourandish ⁴

¹ Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University(PNU), Tehran, Iran

² , Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural, Bu- Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

³ Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran

⁴ Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
The discussions on environmental sustainability have eventually come to include agricultural products in recent years. LCA is an ISO-standardized method, in which an inventory is used to determine the inputs and emissions associated with each stage of production life cycle and to express their quantitative share in a specific impact category. Southern Khorasan Province is the most eastern province in Iran. Drought and increased price of forage in this province have turned the growing of silage corn into an economical attraction for this province. Consequently, it is necessary to environmentally evaluate this crop in order to have more comprehensive understanding of its production, in addition to its economical evaluation. In this study was tried to examine the environmental impacts of silage corn production by an integrated LCA and DEA method to better understand its production and to recommend approaches for mitigating its environmental impacts.
Materials and Methods
Data were collected by questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with farmers and agriculture experts and analyzed using DEAP2.1 and Simapro software. An LCA project has four phases include goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment, and Interpretation. An important part of goal and scope definition is to select system boundaries. The focus of the present study is on production phase and on-farm processes. In fact, farm gate is selected as system boundary and all of environmental impact estimated for the production of one tone of product. Various methods have been introduced by different institutions and countries for environmental impacts assessment. One of them is IMPACT 2002+ method which is a combination of three methods of IMPACT 2002, Eco-Indicater 99andCML. This method is selected because it assesses 15 impact indicators, and it assesses four end point indicators (damage category) by combining these impact indicators. The consumption of inputs within the studied system boundary will result in direct emission of pollutants into air, water and soil. These emissions have been calculated according to the literature.
Results and Discussion
Results for efficiency showed that mean technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency were 0.80, 0.93, and 0.86, respectively. In CCR mode, 13 units and in BCC mode, 22 units were efficient. Technical efficiency varied in 0.33-1 range with 0.20 SE. The lowest pure technical efficiency was 0.64 with 0.10 SE. If inefficient units could approach efficiency boundary by adjusting their consumption pattern, the results for impact categories could be reduced by 3.2-28.2%. The lowest reduction( 3.3%) was the indicator of carcinogens, and the highest reduction ( 28.2%) was terrestrial ecotoxicity followed by mineral extraction with 25.01% reduction and land occupation and ionizing radiation with 20.8% reduction. Normalized results showed that the highest environmental burden in silage corn production was related to Respiratory inorganics followed by global warming, non-renewable energy and carcinogens. Environmental burden of electricity had the highest impact on environment pollution in five impact indicators (carcinogens, non-carcinogens, aquatic toxicity, global warming, and non-renewable energies). The assessment of damage categories revealed that the highest effect was on human health and then, on climate change and resources. Electricity, manure and on system emissions also played the most important role in environmental impacts of silage corn production in this region.
Conclusions
According to the results of the present study on the one hand and the necessity for silage corn production in the region to meet livestock sector’s demand on the other hand, reform in irrigation system and water pumping system to reduce water and electricity use as well as motivating farmers to analyze soil to determine the optimum fertilization rate and increasing their understanding of how to apply this input are the most important factors to reduce environmental impacts of silage corn production in the region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Data envelopment analyzes
life cycle assessment
Silage corn
South Khorasan

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