ارزیابی کارایی تکنیک موانع شطرنجی کلش برنج (Oryza sativa L.) بر نگهداشت رطوبتی، میزان 2CO و جمعیت میکروبی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.

2 گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.

چکیده

بروز دوره­های خشکی و استمرار آن در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر بر جمعیت و فعالیت میکروب­های خاک، میزان رطوبت و متعاقب آن حاصلخیزی و قابلیت جذب عناصر غذایی خاک به‌شمار می­آید. اجرای تکنیک موانع شطرنجی کلش در این نواحی به‌عنوان یک فناوری ارزان، مؤثر و آسان، نقش مهمی در احیای جوامع میکروبی خاک و کنترل بیابان­زایی دارد. در پژوهش حاضر، اثر تکنیک موانع شطرنجی کلش بر نگهداشت رطوبت، جمعیت میکروبی خاک و تولید CO2 آن‌ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این پژوهش در بخشی از دشت مرغ در جنوب شهر شهرکرد مرکز استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، با مختصات جغرافیایی 17 دقیقه و 32 درجه عرض شمالی و 50 دقیقه و 50 درجه طول شرقی انجام شد. در این منطقه نیمه خشک و مستعد فرسایش بادی با جوامع خاکی آسیب دیده، از تکنیک موانع شطرنجی کلش به‌منظور کنترل فرسایش بادی استفاده شده بود. بدین منظور کلش برنج (Oryza sativa L.) به‌میزان پنج تن در هکتار به‌صورت الگوی شطرنجی مربعی 1×1 متر در دی ماه سال 1396 کار گذاشته شدند. سپس اثر این تکنیک بر خصوصیات میکروبی خاک شامل تنفس و زیست‌توده میکروبی خاک و همچنین نگهداشت رطوبت و پایداری خاکدانه­ها مورد توجه قرار گرفت. در کنار موانع شطرنجی ایجاد شده، قطعه زمینی با ابعاد مشابه به‌عنوان شاهد در نظر گرفته شد. چند مربع کلش به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب و روند تغییرات تنفس میکروبی و رطوبت خاک در محدوده کنار و وسط مربعات و همچنین زمین شاهد در چند مرحله اندازه­گیری شد. همچنین در مرحله چهارم از تنفس میکروبی، زیست‌توده میکروبی و پایداری خاکدانه­ها اندازه­گیری شد. داده­های تنفس میکروبی و میزان رطوبت خاک به‌صورت آزمایش اسپلیت پلات در زمان در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی و داده­های زیست‌توده میکروبی و میانگین وزنی و هندسی قطر ذرات در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی تجزیه شدند. نتایج نشان داد، میزان رطوبت خاک در کنار موانع شطرنجی نسبت به وسط موانع و زمین شاهد به‌ترتیب 91/10 و 56/18 درصد افزایش نشان داد. رطوبت در کنار موانع برای مدت زمان طولانی­تری نسبت به زمین شاهد حفظ شد، امّا روند کاهش رطوبت در زمین شاهد تا پایان دوره شیب بیشتری داشت و میزان رطوبت آن در پایین­ترین میزان بود. این نتیجه می­تواند در ارتباط با کاهش سرعت باد و سایه­اندازی کلش بر روی سطح خاک و اثر بر میکروکلیمای نزدیک سطح زمین باشد. همچنین افزودن کلش برنج به‌صورت موانع شطرنجی به خاک به‌طور معنی­داری افزایش معدنی شدن کربن را نسبت به زمین شاهد در کلیه مراحل اندازه­گیری به دنبال داشت. میزان CO2-C تولید شده در مرحله اول در کنار و وسط موانع شطرنجی در مقایسه با زمین شاهد به‌ترتیب 76/37 و 69/14 درصد افزایش نشان داد. در تاریخ پنجم تیر ماه، تولید CO2-C کاهش معنی­دار نشان داد. از تاریخ 24 تیر ماه تا هفتم مهر ماه روند معدنی شدن کربن در کنار و وسط موانع شطرنجی و همچنین زمین شاهد دارای شیب هموار بود و خاک شاهد پایین­ترین مقدار را نشان داد. اضافه کردن بقایا می­تواند معدنی شدن کربن را افزایش دهد و یک آغازگر مثبت باشد که به تسریع تجزیه کربن آلی خاک کمک می­کند. استقرار موانع شطرنجی کلش اثرات کمبود رطوبت بر فعالیت میکروب­های خاک را کاهش و معدنی شدن کربن را افزایش داد. تفاوت بیشتر میان میزان تنفس میکروبی در موانع شطرنجی و زمین شاهد نشان­دهنده کارآمد بودن کلش اضافه شده به خاک و تعدیل هر چه بهتر شرایط خشکی در خاک می­باشد. همچنین بیشترین میزان زیست‌توده میکروبی و پایداری خاکدانه­ها در کنار موانع مشاهده گردید که اختلاف معنی­داری با زمین شاهد داشت. بازگشت بقایا به خاک پایداری خاکدانه­ها را افزایش داد که ممکن است به‌علت بهبود ماده آلی و تخلخل خاک باشد. نتایج این بررسی حاکی از آن است که استقرار موانع شطرنجی کلش سبب بهبود خصوصیات زیستی خاک شامل تنفس و زیست‌توده میکروبی و همچنین میزان رطوبت و پایداری خاکدانه­ها شده و می­تواند یک میکروکلیمای بهتر برای رشد و استقرار گیاه فراهم کند و منجر به حفظ منابع طبیعی و تولید پایدار گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Straw Checkerboard Barriers Technique on Moisture Retention, CO2 Production, and Soil Microbial Population

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elahe Ahmadpoor Dehkordi 1
  • Ali Abbasi Surki 1
  • Mehdi Pajouhesh 2
  • Pejman Tahmasebi 2
1 Department of Agronomy, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
2 Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
The incidence of drought periods and its continuity in arid and semi-arid areas is considered one of the factors affecting soil microbial population and activity and soil water content, and thus affect soil fertility and nutrient availability. Implementation of the straw checkerboard barrier technique in these areas as a cheap, effective, and easy technology has an important role in reviving soil microbial communities and desertification control. In the present study, the effect of the straw checkerboard barriers technique on moisture retention, soil microbial population and their CO2 production was investigated.
Materials and Methods
This research was carried out in a semi-arid region prone to wind erosion with damaged soil communities, in which the straw checkered barrier technique was established to control wind erosion. For this purpose, 5 t.ha-1 of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straws were arranged in 1 m × 1 m checkerboard patterns in January 2018. This research was carried out in a part of the “ Margh” meadow the south of Shahrekord, the capital of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province (50° 50 ́E, 32° 17 ́N). Then the effect of this technique on soil microbial properties, including respiration and soil microbial biomass as well as moisture retention and aggregate stability, were considered. The same area was also dedicated for control as bare ground. Several straw squares were randomly selected, and the trend of changes in microbial respiration and soil moisture in the border of barriers, the center of barriers, and bare ground were measured in several stages. Also in the fourth stage of microbial respiration determination, microbial biomass, and aggregate stability were measured too. Microbial respiration and soil moisture data were analyzed based on a split-plot experiment in time in a randomized complete block design, and microbial biomass data and weight and geometric mean particle diameter were analyzed based on a randomized complete block design.
Results and Discussion
The results indicate that soil water content at the borders of the barriers significantly increased compared to the center of the barriers and the bare ground by 10.91% and 18.56%, respectively. Soil water content at the borders of the barriers was maintained for a longer time compared to the bare ground, but the decreasing trend of soil moisture in the bare ground was steeper over time, reaching the lowest position compared to the others. This can be attributed to the reduction of wind speed and shading of straws on the soil surface, creating a safer microclimate near the soil surface. The addition of rice straw in the form of checkered barriers to the soil significantly increased carbon mineralization compared to the bare ground in all measurement stages. In the first stage, the amount of CO2-C produced at the borders and center of the barriers increased by 37.76% and 14.69%, respectively, compared to the bare ground. On July 5th, CO2-C production decreased significantly. From July 15th to October 28th, the trend of carbon mineralization at the borders and center of the barriers and bare ground showed a steady state with lower values for the bare ground. Residue incorporation in soils may increase C mineralization and have a positive priming effect for accelerating soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition. The establishment of straw checkerboard barriers alleviated the effects of moisture deficiency on soil microbial activity and increased carbon mineralization. The higher rates of microbial respiration in the barriers indicate the efficiency of the straws added to the soil and the better adjustment of drought conditions in the soil. The highest soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability were observed at the borders of the barriers, which was significantly different from the bare ground. The return of residues to the soil increased aggregate stability, which may be due to the improvement of organic matter and soil porosity.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that the implementation of straw checkerboard barriers improved the soil's biological properties, moisture content and aggregates stability and can provide a better microclimate for plant establishment and growth, which may lead to higher conservation of natural resources and sustainable production.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Carbon mineralization
  • Ecological engineering
  • Mean weight diameter
  • Soil microbial activity
  • Soil water content
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