اثر ترکیب‌های کشت مخلوط سه‌گانه تأخیری چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.)، نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) و ماش (Vigna radiata L.) بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه اگروتکنولوژی دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

در بوم‌نظام‌های کشاورزی، فشرده‌سازی پایدار به‌معنای بهبود خدمات بوم‌نظام‌، افزایش یا حفظ میزان تولید، همراه با کاهش نهاده‌ها مطرح شده است. کشت مخلوط از جمله نظام‌هایی هستند که از طریق بالا بردن تنوع و پیچیدگی افزایش پایداری سیستم را به دنبال خواهند داشت. بر این اساس، به‌منظور بررسی و مقایسه ترکیب‌های مختلف کشت مخلوط تأخیری سه گونه زراعی چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.)، نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) و ماش (Vigna radiata L.) سری‌های جایگزینی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد، آزمایشی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 95-1394 در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و شش تیمار انجام گرفت. به‌دلیل طولانی بودن دوره رشد چغندرقند دو گونه لگوم (نخود و ماش) به‌عنوان گیاه همراه در طول دوره رشد این گیاه کاشته شد. تیمارها شامل نسبت‌های مخلوط 75 درصد چغندرقند + 25 درصد لگوم (نخود و ماش)، 50 درصد چغندرقند + 50 درصد لگوم (ماش و نخود) و 25 درصد چغندرقند + 75 درصد لگوم (ماش و نخود) و کشت خالص نخود (C)، ماش (M) و چغندرقند (S) در سری‌های جایگزینی بود. تراکم مطلوب برای چغندر شش بوته در مترمربع و برای نخود و ماش 20 بوته در مترمربع در نظر گرفته شد. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت در نخود و ماش و برای چغندرقند شامل عملکرد تر و خشک غده، عیار قند و عملکرد قند و نسبت برابری زمین بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر ترکیب­های کشت مخلوط بر اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک نخود و ماش معنی­دار (05/0≥p) بود. همچنین در مورد صفات مورد مطالعه چغندرقند نیز به‌جز صفت وزن خشک غده که در سطح احتمال پنج درصد معنی‌دار بود، سایر صفات در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بود. نتایج نشان داد، بیشترین عملکرد دانه نخود مربوط به تیمار خالص (C) (با 2912 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود و بالاترین عملکرد ماش را تیمار خالص (M) (با 83/1247 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به خود اختصاص داد. همچنین در مورد عملکرد غده تر چغندر نیز بالاترین مقدار عملکرد را تیمار خالص ( (S(با 65242 کیلوگرم در هکتار) دارا بود. ارزیابی نسبت برابری زمین نشان داد که بالاترین LER را نسبت 75 درصد لگوم (نخود و ماش) و 25 درصد چغندرقند به‌میزان 53/1 به خود اختصاص داد و کمترین آن را نسبت 25 درصد لگوم (نخود و ماش) و 75 چغندرقند به‌میزان 61/0 دارا بود. بنابراین، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که استفاده از نظام‌ کشت مخلوط چغندرقند با لگوم‌ اثربخش بوده و به‌عنوان راهکار مناسبی در راستای تولید چغندرقند و لگوم نسبت به نظام‌های تک کشتی می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Relay Triple Intercropping Arrangements of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris), Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and Mung Bean (Vigna radiate L.) on Yield and Yield Components

نویسندگان [English]

  • Alireza Koocheki
  • Mahdi Nassiri Mahallati
  • Mohammad Hassan Hatefi Farajian
  • Mina Hooshmand
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
In conventional agriculture, crop production has gradually shifted from ecological production principles to economic approaches, which has led to the destruction of natural resources and land use change, as well as the reduction in resource consumption (Koocheki et al., 2016b). Satisfying the nutritional needs of a growing population whilst limiting environmental repercussions will require sustainable intensification of agriculture. The adverse effects of climate change are significantly decreasing yield and yield stability over time in current monocropping systems. We argue that intercropping, which is the production of multiple crops on the same area of land, could play an essential role in this intensification. Intercropping often increases resource use efficiency and agricultural productivity compared with growing the component crops solely and can enhance yield stability (Martin-Guay et al., 2018; Raseduzzaman & Jensen, 2017). In the case of an intercropping strategy, the growing period for the legume, as a cover crop, is longer to provide a high amount of fixed nitrogen and potential ground cover to compete with weeds (Vrignon-Brenas et al., 2018). The land equivalent ratio (LER) is often computed as an indicator to determine the efficacy of intercropping that measures land productivity. LER may be interpreted as the relative area required by sole crops to produce the same yields as achieved in a unit area of intercrop. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of relay intercropping as replacement series of three plant species such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), mung bean (Vigna radiate L.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), on the yield, yield components, and land equivalent ratio under climatic conditions of Mashhad.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during the growing seasons of 2015-2016. For this purpose, a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The treatments included sole cropping of chickpea (C), mung bean (M), and sugar beet (S), as well as intercropping with 25% L + 75% S, 50% L + 50% S, and 75% L + 25% S. The investigated traits of mung bean and chickpea were plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of branches per plant, seed weight per plant, and 100-seed weight, as well as the number of hollow pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index. For sugar beet, the traits investigated were root height, fresh yield of root, dry yield of root, dry weight of shoot, sucrose content, and sucrose yield. The land equivalent ratio of chickpea, mung bean, and sugar beet was calculated (Sullivan, 2003) as follows: LER = Y1/I1 + Y2/I2 + Y3/I3, where Y1, Y2, and Y3 represent chickpea, mung bean, and sugar beet yield in intercropping, and I1, I2, and I3 represent chickpea, mung bean, and sugar beet yield in mono-culture, respectively. SAS 9.2 was used for analysis of variance. All the means were compared according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the effect of relay triple intercropping arrangements of three species, such as mung bean and chickpea with sugar beet, was significant on yield components and seed yield, biological yield (p ≤ 0.05). The highest seed yield of chickpea and mung bean (2912 and 1247.83 kg/ha, respectively) and biological yield (6237.5 and 6816.7 kg/ha) were observed in sole culture, respectively. Also, the highest amount of fresh root yield was related to its sole cropping with 65242 kg/ha. The highest and lowest LER were calculated for 75% S + 25% L (with 1.53) and 25% S + 75% L (with 0.94), respectively.
Conclusion
Intercropping systems using ecological principles are one of the sustainable solutions to choosing plants suited to the needs, and competitiveness is very important. According to the results, relay triple intercropping of chickpea, and mung bean with sugar beet can be considered as ecological management and ecological intensification in the agroecosystems.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ecological intensification
  • Land equivalent ratio
  • Replacement series
  • Sucrose
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