تأثیر کودهای آلی، شیمیایی و تلقیح میکوریزایی بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی گیاه دارویی شوید (Anethum graveolens L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سیده سعیده زنده باد ¹
• پرویز رضوانی مقدم ¹
• رضا قربانی ¹
• رضا خراسانی ²

¹ گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

² گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران

10.22067/jag.v10i3.30996

چکیده

به­منظور بررسی تأثیر کودهای آلی، شیمیایی و تلقیح میکوریزایی بر شاخص­های رشدی، عملکرد کمی و کیفی چین‌های مختلف گیاه دارویی شوید (Anethum graveolens L.)، آزمایشی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 92-1391 به اجرا درآمد. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی اجرا شد. در این مطالعه 12 تیمار که شامل فاکتوریل کود آلی و شیمیایی در چهار سطح (کود دامی، ورمی­کمپوست، کود شیمیایی اوره و شاهد) و تلقیح میکوریزایی در سه سطح (Glomus mosseae و Glomus intraradices و عدم تلقیح) در نظر گرفته شدند. بر اساس نتایج به­دست آمده، بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد بخش سبزینه­ای به­ترتیب در چین دوم و چین سوم معادل 4259 و 2043 کیلوگرم در هکتار مشاهده شد. همچنین نتایج مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد که شاخص سطح برگ، عملکرد بخش سبزینه­ای، عملکرد ماده خشک، درصد و عملکرد اسانس، بین تیمارهای میکوریزایی با تیمار شاهد تفاوت معنی­داری داشت. با این وجود بین تیمارهای تلقیح با G. mosseae وG. intraradices  تفاوت معنی­داری (در سطح پنج درصد) در صفات ذکر شده مشاهده نشد. عملکرد بخش سبزینه­ای، عملکرد ماده خشک و عملکرد اسانس گیاه دارویی شوید در کودهای آلی (ورمی­کمپوست و دامی) به­طور معنی­داری بیش از تیمار کود شیمیایی بود. با توجه به نتایج به­دست آمده به­نظر می­رسد استفاده از انواع کودهای آلی در مقایسه با شیمیایی، نقش بیشتری در بهبود عملکرد کمی و کیفی گیاه شوید داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• ورمی کمپوست
• گیاه دارویی
• عملکرد اسانس

20.1001.1.20087713.1397.10.3.2.4

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Organic, Chemical Fertilizers and Mycorrhizae Inoculation on Yield and Yield Components of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) in Different Cuttings

نویسندگان [English]

• Seyedeh Saide Zende Bad ¹
• Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam ¹
• Reza Ghorbani ¹
• Reza Khorasani ²

¹ Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

² Department of Soil Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
 Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) is an annual medicinal plant belonging to the Apiaceae family and is native to the Southwest and Central Asia. This plant is not susceptible to cold and germination occurs at low temperatures. The vegetative period of this plant is short and from seed emergence till the fruit harvesting reaches 100 to 120 days. Based on long-term studies, excessive use of chemical fertilizers has a negative effect on plant yield resulting soil acidification, negative effect on soil biological activity and physical and chemical properties. In addition, application of chemical fertilizers mean while environmental impacts increases production costs in the long term. According to literatures, the use of organic or biological fertilizers to reduce the mentioned problems can be especially valued.
Materials and Methods
 In order to investigate the effects of organic, chemical fertilizers and mycorrhizae inoculation on yield and yield components of dill in different cuts, an experiment was carried out in the Research Station, College of Agriculture, the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2013. The experiment was carried out in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were all combination of organic and chemical fertilizers in four levels (cow manure, vermicompost, chemical fertilizer and control) and three levels of Mycorrhiza inoculation (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and no inoculation). The collected data were analyzed as split- plot design in time based on randomized complete block design (due to having three cuts during growing season). The 12 fertilizer treatments and three cuts were considered as main and sub plots, respectively.
Results and Discussion
 The results showed that the highest (4259 kg.ha-1) and the lowest fresh yield (2043 kg.ha-1) were obtained in second cut and third cut, respectively. The results indicated that Leaf Area Index, fresh and dry matter yield, percentage and essential oil yield were significantly different between inoculated mycorrhizae treatments and control treatment. However, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between Glomus mosseae and and Glomus intraradices in terms of former mentioned criteria. Fresh and dry matter yield and essential oil yield of dill were significantly higher in organic fertilizers treatments (vermicompost and cow manure) compared with chemical fertilizer. The results showed that using organic fertilizers have a better performance than chemical fertilizers in growing dill both in quality and quantity. The effects of fertilizer and mycorrhiza on leaf/stem ratio, grain yield, dry matter yield and essential oil yield were significant. The results of the experiment showed that in each level of mycorrhizal application, the use of vermicompost increased the leaf/stem ratio, so that, underGlomusintraradices inoculum conditions, the use of this organic fertilizer resulted in an increase of 16% leaf/stem ratio compared to the control. Also, in the absence of mycorrhizal inoculation, vermicompost and animal manure application resulted in a significant increase in leaf/stem ratio. The results of the experiment showed that the fresh and dry yield of the vegetative parts of the drill were significantly higher than other treatments in inoculation of mycorrhizal and animal manure treatments, so that the application of the mentioned treatment, fresh and dry yield of the vegetative parts increased by two times compared with control treatment. In addition, the results of the experiment showed that the essential oil yield increased as a result of the combined application of animal manure and mycorrhizal treatments, so that the application of vermicompost fertilizer and G. mosseae compared to control treatment increased the essential oil yield by more than four times.
Conclusion
 According to the results of the experiment, mycorrhizal application has an important role in improving the growth characteristics and dry matter yield, especially in cut II and III. In addition to mycorrhizal inoculation, application of livestock manure and vermicompost can play an important role in increasing the yield of drill at different cutting. Combined use of mycorrhiza inoculum and organic fertilizers can reduce the problems caused by the use of chemical fertilizers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Vermicompost
• Medicine plant
• Essential oil

مراجع

Adediran, J.A., Taiwo, L.B., Akande, M.O., Sobulo, R.A., and Idowu, O.J. 2004. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize and cowpea yields in Nigeria. Journal of Plant Nutrition 27: 1163-1181.

Akbarnejad, F., Astaraei, A.R., Fotovat, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2011. Effect of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge on yield and heavy metal accumulation in soil and black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Journal of Agroecology 2: 600-608. (In Persian with English Summary)

Azeez, J.O., Van Averbeke, W., and Okoragbona, A.O.M. 2010. Differntial responses in yield of Pumokin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun) to the application of three animal manures. Bioresource Technology 101: 2499-2505.

Azizi, K., and Kahrizi, D. 2008. Effect of nitrogen levels, plant density and climate on yield quantity and quality in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under the conditions of Iran. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 7: 710-716.

Cabello, M., Irrazabal, G., Bucsinszky, A.M., Saparrat, M., and Schalamuk, S. 2005. Effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, and a rock-phosphate-solubilizing fungus, Penicillium thomii, on Mentha piperita growth in a soilless medium. Journal of Basic Microbiology 45: 182-189.

Cardoso, I.M., and Kuyper, T.W. 2006. Mycorrhizas and tropical soil fertility. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 116: 72-84.

Charles, D., Simon, J., and Widrelechner, M. 1995. Characterization of essential oil of fruits of Anethum graveolens L. Journal of Essential Oil Research 6: 1-11.

Darzi, M.T., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkon, F., and Rejali, F. 2009. The effect of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and phosphatic biofertilizer application on quantity and quality of essential oil in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant 24: 396-413. (In Persian with English Summary)

Davazdah Emami, S., Jahansooz, M.R., Sefidkon, F., and Mazaheri, D. 2010. Comparison of planting season effect on agronomic characters and yield of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Journal of Crops Improvement 12: 41-47 (In Persian with English Summary)

Dawson, J.C., Huggins, D.R., and Jones, S.S. 2008. Characterizing nitrogen use efficiency in natural and agricultural ecosystems to improve the performance of cereal crops in low-input and organic agricultural systems. Field Crops Research 107: 89–101.

Douds, J.R., and Millner, P.D. 1999. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 77-93.

Freitas, M.S., Martins, M.A., and Vieria, E.I.J.C. 2004. Yield and quality of essential oils of Mentha arvensis in response to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pesquis Agropocuaria Brasileira 39 (9): 887-894

Gamalero, E., Trotta, A., Massa, N., Copett, A., Martinotti, M.G., and Berta, G. 2004. Impact of two fluorescent pseudo monads and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on tomato plant growth, root architecture and P acquisition. Mycorrhiza 14: 92-185.

Ghost, B.C., and Bhat, R. 1998. Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields. Environment and Pollution 102: 123-126.

Khorramdel, S., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Ghorbani, R. 2008. Application effects of bifertilizera on the growth indices of black cumin (Nigelaa sativa L). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6: 285-294. (In Persian with English Summary)

Koocheki, A., Gholami, A., Mahdavi Damghani, A., and Tabrizi, L. 2008. Organic Field Crop Handbook. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)

Koocheki, A., Jahani, M., Tabrizi, L., and Mohammad Abadi, A.A. 2011. Investigation on the effect of biofertilizer, chemical fertilizer and plant density on yield and corm criteria of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Water and Soil 25: 196-206. (In Persian with English Summary)

Koocheki, A., Tabrizi, L., and Ghorbani, R. 2008. Effect of biofertilizers on agronomic and quality criteria of Hyssop (Hyssoopus officialis). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6: 127-137. (In Persian with English Summary)

Macginis, M., Cooke, A., Bilderbac, T., and Lorscheilder, M. 2003. Organic fertilizer for basil transplant production. Acta Horticultre 491: 213-218

Madadi Bonab, S., Zehtab Salmasi, S., and Ghassemi Golezani, K. 2012. The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on morphological characteristics and essential oil percentage and yield of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Sciences 22: 92-100. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mahran, G., Kadry, H., Thabet, C., Olem, N., Azizi, M., Shiff, J., Wong, L., and Liv, N. 1992. GC/MS analyses of volatile oil of fruits of Anethum graveolens L. Pharmaceutical Biology 30: 139-144.

Makkizadeh, M., Chaichi, M., Nasrollhzadeh, S., and Khavazi, K. 2011. The Effect of Biological and chemical Nitrogen Fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil constituents of dill (Anethum graveoles L.). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Sciences 21: 51-62. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mazaheri, D., and Majnon Hoseini, N. 2007. Fundamental of Agronomy. Tehran University Press, Tehran, Iran 320 pp. (In Persian)

Mando, A., Ouattara, B., Sedogo, M., Stroosnijder, L., Ouattara, K., Brussaard, L., and Vanlauwe, B. 2005. Long-term effect of tillage and manure application on soil organic fractions and crop performance under Sudano-Sahelian conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 80: 95-101.

Mirhashemi, S.M., Koocheki, A., Parsa, M., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2009. Evaluating the benefit of Ajowan and Fenugreek intercropping in different Levels of manure and planting pattern. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7: 271-281. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mona, Y., Kandil, A.M., and SwaefyHend, M.F. 2008. Effect of three different compost levels on fennel and salvia growth character and their essential oils. Biological Sciences 4: 34-39

Moradi, R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Lakzian, A. 2010. The effect of application of organic and biological fertilizers on yield, yield components and essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel.). 7: 625-635. (In Persian with English Summary)

Nassiri Mahalati, M., Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Beheshti, A. 2009. Agroecology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 453 pp. (In Persian)

Parakash, V., Bhattacharyya, R., and Selvakumer, G. 2007. Long term effects fertilization on some properties under rainfed soy bean-wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170: 224-223.

Rodrigues, M.A., Pereira, A., Cabanas, J.E., Dias, L., Pires, J., and Arrobas, M. 2006. Crops use-efficiency of nitrogen from manures permitted in organic farming. European Journal of Agronomy 25: 328-335.

Rodriguez Caceres, E.A., Gonzalez Anta, G., Lopez, J.R., Di Ciocco, C.A., Pacheco Basurco, J.C., and Parada, J.L. 1996. Response of field-grown wheat to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus polymyxa in the semiarid region of Argentina. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 10: 13-20.

Safadoust, A., Mosadeghi, M.R., Mahboubi, A.A., Norouzi, A., and Asadian, G.H. 2007. Short-term tillage and manure influences on soil structural properties. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 11: 91-100. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shi, Z.Y., Zhang, L.Y., Ii, X.L., Feng, G., Tian, C.Y., and Christie, P. 2006. Diversity of arbascular mycorrhizal fungi associated with desert ephemerals in plant communities of Junggar Basin, North West China. Applied Soil Ecology 35: 10-20.

Yeasmin, T., Rahman, P., Absar, A.N., and Khanum, N.S. 2007. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculum production in rice plants. African Journal of Agricultural Research 2: 463-467.

Zargari, A. 1997. Medicinal Plant. Tehran University Press, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)