مطالعه تغییرات جمعیت و بانک بذر علف‌های هرز و عملکرد سویا تحت تاثیر روش‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی اثر روشهای مختلف خاک‌ورزی (متداول، کم خاک‌ورزی و بدون خاک‌ورزی) بر جمعیت علف‌های هرز و بانک بذر آن‌ها، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 94-1393 در سه قطعه زمین تحت کشت سویا (Glycin max L.) (رقم دی‌پی‌ایکس) هر یک به مساحت 2500 متر‌مربع در شهرستان علی‌آباد‌کتول اجرا گردید. نمونه‌برداری از فلور علف‌های هرز در ابتدای فصل رشد سویا (قبل ازکنترل علف‌های هرز)، به‌روی شبکه‌های مربعی شکل به ابعاد 5×5 متر و درکادری به ابعاد 50×50 سانتی‌متر انجام گرفت. جهت مطالعه بانک بذر نیز از سه عمق 5-0 و 15-5 و 30-15 سانتی‌متر نمونهبرداری گردید. نتایج آزمایش این قسمت حاکی از فراوانی بالای بذر علف‌هرز خرفه (Portulaca oleraceae L.) در بانک بذر بود. از این‌رو در مرحله بعد به بررسی روند جوانه‌زنی و قدرت حیات بذرهای خرفه مستخرج از اعماق مختلف خاک، تحت تأثیر روش‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی پرداخته شد. به‌طورکلی تعداد گونه‌های مشاهده شده در تیمارهای خاک‌ورزی متداول، کم‌خاک‌ورزی و بدون خاک‌ورزی به‌ترتیب 3، 5 و 5 گونه بود. در هر سه تیمار نیز، گونه غالب جگن (Cyperus sp.) بود. میانگین تراکم و درصد نقاط عاری از این گیاه در تیمار خاک‌ورزی متداول 2/191 بوته در مترمربع و 4/13 درصد، در تیمار کم خاک‌ورزی 9/385 بوته در متر‌مربع و 3/10 درصد و در تیمار بدون خاک‌ورزی 7/191 بوته در متر‌مربع و 3/29 درصد بود. تراکم بذر علف‌های هرز در روش خاک‪ورزی متداول در هر سه عمق نمونه‌برداری کمتر از دو روش دیگر بود. همچنین در هر سه روش خاک‌ورزی، تعداد بذرهای مشاهده شده در لایه 5-0 سانتی‌متری خاک بیشتر از دو لایه دیگر بود. بیشترین مقدار شاخص تنوع شانون در تیمار بدون خاک‌ورزی و در اعماق نمونه‌برداری 5-0 و 15-5 سانتی‌متر مشاهده شد. کمترین مقدار این شاخص نیز در همین تیمار و در عمق 30-15 سانتی‌متری خاک مشاهده شد. میزان متوسط جوانه‌زنی بذور خرفه جدا شده از خاک در تیمارهای خاک‌وری متداول، کم‌خاک‌ورزی و بدون خاک‌ورزی به‌ترتیب 43، 59 و 43 درصد بود. نتایج تست تترازولیوم نشان داد که تمامی بذور جوانه نزده مرده بودند. در هر سه روش خاک‌ورزی ، بیشترین درصد جوانه‌زنی در بذور مستخرج از لایه 15-5 سانتی‌متری خاک مشاهده شد. اما کمترین مقدار این فاکتور در تیمار خاک‌ورزی متداول و بدون خاک‌ورزی در لایه 30-15 سانتی‌متر و در تیمار کم‌خاک‌ورزی در عمق 5-0 سانتی‌متری خاک دیده شد. عملکرد دانه نیز نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد در شرایط بدون خاک‌ورزی به‌دست آمد. با توجه به نکات اشاره شده، در این تحقیق کارایی روش بدون خاک‌ورزی در مقایسه با تیمار کم‌خاک‌ورزی و متداول بالاتر بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Study of Weed Population and Seed Bank Dynamic and Soybean Yield under Different Tillage Methods

نویسندگان [English]

  • Roya Momen
  • Asieh Siahmarguee
  • Ebrahim Zeinali
  • Farshid Ghaderifar
  • Behnam Kamkar
Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
An integrated weed management approach requires alternative management practices for herbicide use, tillage, crop rotations and cultural controls to reduce soil weed seed banks. Tillage is often used as a weed control system, but the effects of tillage on weed dynamics go far beyond the physical removal of growing weeds. Changes in tillage practices can cause shifts in weed species and densities. Tillage operations can have a major impact on the distribution of weed seeds in the soil and on seed survival. Seed depth in the soil profile has an impact on soil environmental conditions that influence secondary dormancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage systems on weed and seed bank populations.

Material and Methods
A survey was conducted to study the effects of different tillage methods (Conventional tillage, Minimum tillage and no tillage) on the population and seed bank of weeds. An experiment was conducted in three fields of soybean (DPX Cultivar) in Ali_Abad Katool County at 2015. Sampling from weed populations (seedling) and seed bank was carried out at the beginning of soybean growth (before exerting control operation). Weeds were identified and counted at 126 points of field based on a 5× 5 m grid in 0.5×0.5m fixed micro plots. Sampling of soil seed bank was conducted based on W method in 0.5×0.5m quadrates at 0-5 and 5-15 and 15-30 cm depths, respectively. The results are shown as the high frequency of Portulaca oleracea in soil seed bank, so in the next stage investigated the germination and viability of Portulaca oleracea seeds from different depths of soil under the different tillage methods.

Results and Discussion
Generally, the observed species in the conventional, minimum and no tillage treatments were 3, 5 and 5 respectively. In every treatment, the Cyperus sp is the most importance observed species. The average of density of this herb in the conventional, Minimum and no tillage treatments were 191.23, 385.96 and 191.74 plant/m2, respectively. Weed free aria percent of Cyperus sp in the conventional, Minimum and no tillage treatments were 13/49%, 10.31% and 29.36%, respectively. Weeds seed density in the conventional tillage method (in three sampling depths) was lowest than the other two methods. The highest seed density was obtained in 0-5 cm depth in every three tillage methods. The maximum shanon diversity index was observed in no tillage treatment and in samples was taken in 0-5 and 5-15cm depth. The minimum shanon diversity index has seen in this treatment and in depth of 15-30 cm. There were different maximum germination percent of Portulaca oleracea seeds that it’s extracted from different tillage methods and depths. In average, maximum germination percent of this herb in the conventional, minimum and no tillage treatments were 43, 59 and 43%, respectively. In three tillage methods, the maximum germination percent was seen in the extracted seeds from 5-15 cm depth. But the minimum germination percent were observed in 15-30 cm depth in the conventional tillage and no tillage treatments, and 0-5 cm depth in no tillage treatment. Results showed highest grain yield of soybean was obtained in no tillage method.

Conclusion
We studied the influence of different tillage methods on weed seedling population, distribution of seed bank in soil profile, diversity and germination of seeds that extracted from different depths of soil. Result of this study showed the tillage, played a significant role in weeds and soil seed bank populations. Weeds seed density in the conventional tillage method was lowest than the other two methods. The highest seed density observed in 0-5 cm depth in every three tillage methods. Results showed death seeds percent in conventional and no tillage methods were lower than minimum tillage. The maximum shanon diversity index was observed in no tillage treatment. As one of the main goals in weed management is to prevent the domination of the weed flora by only a few species, thus the no tillage method seemed better than the minimum and conventional methods.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Germination
  • No tillage
  • Soil profile
  • Species diversity
  • Tetrazolium chloride
Aleman, F. 2001. Common bean response to tillage intensity and weed control strategies. Agronomy Journal 93: 556-563.
Anderson, R.L., Tanaka, D.L., Black, A.L., and Schweizer, E.E. 1998. Weed community and species response to crop rotation, tillage and nitrogen fertility. Weed Technology 12: 531-536.
Arshadi Khamse, A., Almasi, M., Reshad Sedgi, A., and Ahmadi adli, R. 2012. Effect of conservation tillage on irrigation scheduling and rapeseed yield. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production 22(1): 105-115. (In Persian with English Summary)
Bararpour, M.T., and Oliver, L.R. 1998. Effect of tillage and interference of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) sickle pod (Senna obtusifolia) population, seed production and seed bank. Weed Science 48: 424-431.
Blackshow, R.E., Larney, F.O., Lindwall, C.W., and Kozub, G.C. 1994. Crop rotation and tillage effects on weed population on the semi-arid condition prairies. Weed Technology 8: 231-237.
Boguzas, V., Marcinkeviciene, A., and Kairyte, A. 2004. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of weed seed bank in organic farming. Agronomy Research 2: 13-22.
Buhler, D.D., and Oplinger, E.S. 1990. Influence of tillage systems on annual weed densities and control in solid-seeded soybean (Glycine max). Weed Science 38: 158-164.
Buhler, D.D. 1995. Influence of tillage system on weed population dynamics and management in corn and soybean in the central USA. Crop Science 35: 1247-1258.
Cardina, J., Herms, C.P., and Doohan, D.J. 2002. Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seedbanks. Weed Science 50: 448-460.
Cardina, J., Regnier, E., and Harrison, K. 1991. Long-term tillage effects in seed banks in three Ohio soils. Weed Science 39: 186-194.
Carter, M.R., and Ivany, J.A. 2006. Weed seed bank composition under three long-term tillage. Regimes on a fine sandy loam in Atlantic Canada. Soil and Tillage Research 90: 29-38.
Clements, D.R., Benoit, D.L., Murphy, S.D., and Swanton, C.J. 1996. Tillage effects on weed seed return and seed bank composition. Weed Science 44: 314-322.
Conn, J.S., and Werdin-Pfisterer, N.R. 2010. Variation in seed viability and dormancy of 17 weed species after 24.7 years of burial: The concept of buried seed safe sites. Weed Science 58(3): 209-215.
Derksen, D.A., Lafond, G.P., Thomas, A.G., Loeppky, H.A., and Swanton, C.J. 1993. Impact of agronomic practices on weed communities: tillage systems. Weed Science 41: 409-417.
Derpsch, R., Franzluebbers, A.J., Duiker, S.W., Reicosky, D.C., Koeller, K., Friedrich, T., Sturny, W.G., Sa, J.C.M., and Weiss, K. 2014. Why do we need to standardize no-tillage research? Soil and Tillage Research 137: 16-22.
Fennimore, S.A., and Jackson, L.E. 2003. Organic amendment and tillage effects on vegetable field weed emergence and seed banks. Weed Technology 17: 42-50.
Ghanbaryan, H.R., Ahmadi Chenarbon, H., and Zand, B. 2013. Effect of different tillage methods on soil physical properties and yield of two varieties of foragemaize in Varamin province. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 6(15): 1092-1098.
Ghosheh, H.Z., and Al-Hajaj, N.A. 2004. Impact of soil tillage and crop rotation on barley (Hordeum vulgare) and weeds in a semi-arid environment. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 190: 374-380.
Gillespie, S. 2006. Weed management in reduced-input-no-till flax production. MSc Thesis. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.
Grundy, A.C., Mead, A., and Burston, S. 2003. Modelling the emergence response of weed seeds to burial depth: interactions with seed density, weight and shape. Journal Applied of Ecology 40: 757-770.
Hermowan, B., and Cameron, K.C. 1993. Structural changes in a silt loam under long-term conventional or minimum tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 26: 139-150.
Horne, DJ, Ross, C.W., and Hughes, K.A. 1992. Ten years of maize-oats rotation under three tillage system on a silt loam in New Zealand, І: A comparison of sole soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research 22: 131-143.
Lopez-Bellido, L., Fuentes, M., Castillo, J.E., Lopez-Garrido, F.J., and Fernandez, E.J. 1996. Long-term tillage, crop rotation, and nitrogen fertilizer effects on wheat yield under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Agronomy Journal 88: 783-791.
Jahani-Kondori, M., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2012. Study of weed species diversity in wheat fields of Mashhad. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10(3): 468-475. (In Persian with English Summary)
Kelton, J.A., Price, A.J., Santen, E.V., Balkcom, K.S., Arriaga, F.J., and Shaw, J.N. 2011. Weed seed bank density and composition in a tillage and landscape variability study. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science 6(1): 21-30.
Kladivko, E.J., Giffith, D.R., and Mannering, J.V. 1986. Conservation tillage effects on soil properties and yield of corn and soybean in Indiana. Soil and Tillage Research 8: 277-287.
Koocheki, A., and Nassiri, M. 2005. Effects of different input levels on weed seed bank in wheat fields of Mashhad. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 3(1): 89-102. (In Persian with English Summary)
Koocheki, A.R., and Boroumand Rezazadeh, Z. 2009. Soil Tillage in Agroecosystems. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press, Mashhad, Iran 440 p. (In Persian)
Latifi, N., Siahmarguee, A., Akram-Ghaderi, F., and Yones-Abadi, M. 2009. Effects of tillage systems on weeds population dynamics in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) followed by rapeseed (Brassica napus). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research 7(1): 195-203. (In Persian with English Summary)
Liebman, M., Drummond, F., Corson, A., and Zhang, J. 1996. Tillage and rotation crop effects on weed dynamics in potato production systems. Journal of Agronomy 88: 18-26.
Lutman, P.J.P., Cussans, G.W., Wright, K.J., Wilson, B.J., Wright, G. Mc, N., and Lawson, H.M. 2002. The persistence of seeds of 16 weed species over six years in two arable fields. Weed Research 42: 231-241.
Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton University Press. New Jersey, United States 179 pp.
Mas, M.T., and Verdú, A.M.C. 2003. Tillage system effects on weed communities in a 4-year crop rotation under Mediterranean dryland conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 74: 15-24.
Mennan, H., and Zandstra, B.H. 2006. The effects of depth and duration of seed burial on viability, dormancy, germination, and emergence of ivyleaf speedwell (Veronica hederifolia). Weed Technology 20: 438-444.
Nakamoto, T., Yamagishi, J., and Miura, F. 2006. Effect of reduced tillage on weeds and soil organisms in winter wheat and summer maize cropping on Humic Andosols in Central Japan. Soil and Tillage Research 85: 94-106.
Nalewaja, J.D. 2003. Weeds and Conservation Agriculture. L. Garcia-Torres et al. (Eds.), Conservation Agriculture. Kluwer Academic Publishers p. 201-210.
Opoku, G., and Vyn, T.J. 1997. Wheat residue management options for no-till corn. Cannadian Journal of Plant Scieance 77: 207-213.
Poortoosi, N., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., and Izadi-Darbandi, E. 2008. Germination characteristics and cardinal temperatures of lambsquarter, purselane and crabgrass. Iraninan Journal of Agricultural Research 6(2): 255-261. (In Persian with English Summary)
Puricelli, E., and Tuesca, D. 2005. Weed density and diversity under glyphosate-resistant crop sequences. Crop Protection 24: 533-542.
Rashidi, M., and Keshavarzpour, F. 2008. Effect of different tillage methods on soil physical properties and crop yield of Melon (Cucumis melo). American-Eurasian Journal Agricultural and Environmental Science 3(1): 43-48.
Roberts, H.A., and Feast, P.M. 1972. Fate of seeds of some annual weeds in different depths of cultivated and undisturbed soil. Weed Research 12: 316-324.
Sardar, M., Behdani, M.A., Eslami, S.V., and Mahmodi, S. 2015. Effects of tillage systems and chemical control on weeds density and diversity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) followed by wheat. Journal of Agroecology 7(2): 254-266. (In Persian with English Summary)
Safari, A., Asoodar, M.A., Ghasemi nejad, M., and Abdali, A. 2013. Effect of residue management, different conservation tillage and seeding on soil physical properties and wheat grain yield. Agricultural Science and Persistence Production 23(2): 49-59. (In Persian with English Summary)
Siahmarguee, A., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Mahghani, S. 2011. The effect of integrated weed management on seed bank dynamic in sugarbeet fields. Journal of Agroecology 3(2): 151-162. (In Persian with English Summary)
Singh, M., Bhullar, M.S., and Chauhan, B.S. 2015. Seed bank dynamics and emergence pattern of weeds as affected by tillage systems in dry direct-seeded rice. Crop Protection 67: 168-177.
Sohrabi-Rad, E.M., Siahmarguee, A., Kazemi, H., Ghaderi-far, F., and Gherekhloo, J. 2017. Influence of crop management practices and soil characteristics on weed population and soil seed bank in soybean fields. Journal of Agroecology 7(1): 155-172. (In Persian with English Summary)
Spand, E., Durgan, B.R., and Forcella, F. 1999. Foxtail (Setaria spp.) seedling dynamics in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) are influenced by seeding date and tillage regime. Weed Science 47: 156-160.
Steckel, L.E., Sprague, C.L., Stoller, E.W., Wax, L.M., and Simmons, F.W. 2007. Tillage, cropping system, and soil depth effects on common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) seed-bank persistence. Weed Science 55: 235-239
Swanton, C.J., Shrestha, A., Kenzevic, S.Z., Roy, R.C., and Ball-Coelho, B.R. 2000. Influence of tillage type on vertical weed seedbank distribution in a sandy soil. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences 80: 455-457.
Yonesi Alamoti, M., Solh-Jo, A.A. Sharifi, A., Javadi, A., Ashrafi Zadeh, S.R., and Taki, O. 2015. Conservation Tillage and Application Guide. Agricultural Education Publication. Mahdasht, Iran 77 p. (In Persian)
Vanasse, A., and Leroux, G.D. 2000. Floristic diversity, size, and vertical distribution of the weed seedbank in ridge and conventional tillage systems. Weed Science 48: 454-460.
CAPTCHA Image