ارزیابی اثرات محیط زیستی تولید زیتون (.Olea europaea L) با استفاده از ارزیابی چرخه حیات: مطالعه موردی شهرستان طارم، استان زنجان

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• احسان خدارضایی ¹
• هادی ویسی ¹
• امید نوری ¹
• مهدی طاهری ²
• کوروس خوشبخت ¹

¹ گروه کشاورزی اکولوژیک، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

² مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان، ایران

10.22067/jag.v9i2.46350

چکیده

توسعه کشاورزی رایج در ایران، اثرات زیان‌باری روی محیط‌زیست و منابع طبیعی وارد کرده است. زیتون یکی از محصولاتی است که در سال‌های اخیر، کشت آن با سرعت زیادی در ایران توسعه یافته است. این در حالی است که در مورد عواقب و اثرات محیط‌زیستی تولید زیتون (Olea europaea L.) مطالعه‌ای صورت نگرفته است. به همین منظور در این پژوهش، اثرات محیط‌زیستی تولید زیتون در شهرستان طارم واقع در استان زنجان در سال 93-1392 بررسی شد. در این مطالعه از روش ارزیابی چرخه حیات برای تعیین نقاط داغ چرخه حیات تولید زیتون استفاده شد. داده‌های ورودی و خروجی تولید زیتون با استفاده از پرسشنامه و اندازه‌گیری مستقیم جمع‌آوری شدند و برای اطلاعات مربوط به تولید نهاده‌ها از پایگاه داده اکواینونت موجود در نرم‌افزار سیماپرو 7.2 استفاده شد. در این مطالعه، ارزیابی اثر با استفاده از روش CML 2 baseline 2000 V2.04/ world, 1995/ characterization انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که تولید زیتون در شرایط منطقه طارم اثرات محیط زیستی بالایی را ایجاد می‌کند به‌طوری‌که تولید زیتون در منطقه طارم در مقایسه با تولید زیتون در مطالعات مشابه، در هفت طبقه اثر (تخلیه منابع غیرزنده، اسیدی شدن، پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی، تخریب لایه اوزون، سمیت برای اکوسیستم‌های آب شیرین، سمیت برای اکوسیستم‌های دریایی و سمیت برای اکوسیستم‌های خشکی) حداقل بیش از دو برابر اثر محیط زیستی بالاتری ایجاد می‌کرد و فقط در طبقه اثر پرغذایی شدن، اثر محیط زیستی کمتری داشت. تجزیه‌وتحلیل نتایج نشان داد که تولید کودهای شیمیایی و انتشارات مستقیم از باغ زیتون بیشترین نقش را در تولید آلاینده‌ها داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• انتشارات
• سیماپرو
• کشاورزی

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

Environmental impact assessment of olive production using Life Cycle Assessment: A case study, Tarom county, Zanjan province

نویسندگان [English]

• Ehsan Khodarezaie ¹
• Hadi Veisi ¹
• Omid Noori ¹
• Mehdi Taheri ²
• Kouros Khoshbakht ¹

¹ Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran

² Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Horticulture industry consumes a significant part of the energy and materials and release pollutants into the environment. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most cultivated plants in Iran, so the environmental impact assessment of these production systems is important. However, the consequences and environmental impacts of olive production systems have not been studied in Iran. Tarom County is one of the most important olive production centers in Iran. So, this study is performed to evaluate environmental impacts of olive production in Tarom region.
Materials and Methods
In this study, the LCA approach is used to assessment of environmental impacts of olive production. This study is conducted in Tarom County in 2012-2013. The aim of this study was to determine hot spots of olive life cycle and offering appropriate Solutions to reduce the related environmental impact in Tarom region. In this research, one ton of Olives was considered as functional unit. System boundary is defined as “from cradle to farm gate”.
Primary data were collected through observation, sampling and questionnaires completing method. The climate and soil data were collected from the "Olive Research Center" located in the Tarom County. Data for the production of used inputs (Secondary data) were taken from the EcoInvent®2.0 database, and SimaPro software was employed to analyze primary data.
Impact categories were analyzed based on CML 2 baseline 2000 V2.04/ world, 1995/ characterization and SimaPro 7.2 software. CML 2 baseline 2000.
Results and Discussion
The obtained data from inventory are presented in the table 1. These data includes Inputs and outputs of olive production system in Tarom olive systems.
Table 1- Inputs and outputs of olive production system (per 1 ton olive).
Amount Unit Inputs
48.04 kg Diesel fuel
Chemical fertilizer
62.8 kg Urea
53.9 kg Triple Super Phosphate
46.4 kg Potassium sulphate
5.6 kg Pesticides
1222 kg Farmyard manure
476 KW/h Electricity
Outputs
3.34 ton olive produced (ha)
Emission to water
0 kg Nitrate
0 kg Phosphate
Emission to air
0 kg Denitrifictation
15.03 kg NH‌3
0.804 kg N2O
2.5 kg NOx
150.87 kg CO2
1.72 kg CO
1.7
kg Pesticides


The results were concluded through analyzing collected data by using of SimaPro 7.2. The results are presented in Figure 1 and Table 2.


Fig. 1- Contribution of production and use of inputs to environmental impact categories in olive production system.
Table 2- Life cycle indicators per 1 ton of produced olive.
Total Unit Impact category
7.89 kg Sb eq Abiotic Depletion
30.6 kg SO2 eq Acidification
8.25 kg PO4 eq Eutrophication
1290 kg CO2 eq Global Warming
0.000323 kg CFC-11 eq Ozone layer depletion
414 kg 1,4-DB eq Human Toxicity
848 kg 1,4-DB eq Fresh water aquatic ecotox
848 kg 1,4-DB eq Fresh water aquatic ecotox.
173000 kg 1,4-DB eq Marine aquatic ecotox.
10.4 kg 1,4-DB eq Terrestrial Ecotoxicity
0.27 kg C2H4 eq Photochemical Oxidation

The results showed that the production of olive in Tarom region is lead to high environmental impacts. In this regard, production systems of olive in Tarom create more than two times higher environmental impact in seven impact categories (Abiotic resource depletion, acidification, global warming potential, ozone layer depletion, to freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity and toxicity to terrestrial ecotoxicity) and it has fewer environmental impact in eutrophication impact category compared to olive production systems in similar studies. Moreover, data analysis showed that fertilizer production and direct emission have most shares in pollution making of olive production systems. The main reason for this difference was more use of inputs (especially fertilizers and electricity), not using of improved varieties and micronutrient fertilizers, inefficient use of inputs and lack of management in the olive gardens in Tarom region. Therefore, lack of management was due to the Low literacy level of olive growers and their knowledge of the appropriate management in the olive garden in Tarom region.
Conclusion
The results showed the LCA approach can use to assessment of environmental impacts of olive production in Tarom city. Also, data analysis showed that fertilizer production and direct emission have most shares in pollution making of olive production systems.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Agriculture
• Emissions
• SimaPro

مراجع

Abeliotis, K., Detsis, V., and Pappia, C. 2013. Life cycle assessment of bean production in the Prespa National Park, Greece. Journal of Cleaner Production 41: 89-96.

Agricultural ministry of Iran. 2012. Information and statistics department of agriculturalministry of Iran. http://www.maj.ir.

Bare, J.C., Norris, G.A., Pennington, D.W., and McKone, T. 2003. TRACI: The tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts. Journal of Industrial Ecology 6: 49-78.

Behrooz, R.D., Sari, A.E., Bahramifar, N., and Ghasempouri, S. 2009. Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human milk from the Southern Coast of Caspian Sea, Iran. Chemosphere 74(7): 931-937.

Bigdeli, M., and Seilsepour, M. 2008. Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (41): 86-92.

Birkved, M., and Hauschild, M.Z. 2006. PestLCI—a model for estimating field emissions of pesticides in agricultural LCA. Ecological Modelling 198(3): 433-451.

Blengini, G.A., and Busto, M. 2009. The life cycle of rice: LCA of alternative agri-food chain management systems in Vercelli (Italy). Journal of Environmental Management 90(3): 1512-1522.

Brentrup, F., Küsters, J., Kuhlmann, H., and Lammel, J. 2001. Application of the life cycle assessment methodology to agricultural production: an example of sugar beet production with different forms of nitrogen fertilisers. European Journal of Agronomy 14(3): 221-233.

Brentrup, F., Küsters, J., Kuhlmann, H., and Lammel, J. 2004. Environmental impact assessment of agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment methodology: I. Theoretical concept of a LCA method tailored to crop production. European Journal of Agronomy 20(3): 247-264.

Brentrup, F., Küsters, J., Lammel, J. and Kuhlmann, H. 2000. Methods to estimate on-field nitrogen emissions from crop production as an input to LCA studies in the agricultural sector. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 5(6): 349-357.

Cederberg, C., and Mattsson, B. 2000. Life cycle assessment of milk production—a comparison of conventional and organic farming. Journal of Cleaner Production 8(1): 49-60.

Chehebe, J.R. 1997. Analise do ciclo de vida de produtos: ferramenta gerencial da ISO 14000: Qualitymark Editora Ltda. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil.

De Gennaro, B., Notarnicola, B., Roselli, L., and Tassielli, G. 2012. Innovative olive-growing models: an environmental and economic assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production 28: 70-80.

E Van den Berg, F., Kubiak, R., Benjey, W.G., Majewsk, M.S.I., Yates, S.R., and Reeves, G.L. 1999. Emission of pesticides into water, air, and soil. Pollution 115: 195–218.

Engström, R., Wadeskog, A., and Finnveden, G. 2007. Environmental assessment of Swedish agriculture. Ecological Economics 60(3): 550-563.

EPA. 1995. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of air pollutant emissions factors. AP-42, www.epa.gov.

Fadaei, A., Dehghani, M.H., Nasseri, S., Mahvi, A.H., Rastkari, N., and Shayeghi, M. 2012. Organophosphorous pesticides in surface water of Iran. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 88(6): 867-869.

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 2012. http://www.fao.org.

Guinee, J. 2001. Handbook on life cycle assessment- Operational guide to the ISO standards. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 6: 255.

Guinee, J., Heijungs, R., Van Oers, L., Van De Meent, D., Vermeire, T., and Rikken, M. 1996. LCA impact assessment of toxic releases. Product Policy Report p. 21.

Gunady, M.G., Biswas, W., Solah, V.A., and James, A.P. 2012. Evaluating the global warming potential of the fresh produce supply chain for strawberries, romaine/cos lettuces (Lactuca sativa), and button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) in Western Australia using life cycle assessment (LCA). Journal of Cleaner Production 28: 81-87.

Hani, A., and Pazira, E. 2011. Heavy metals assessment and identification of their sources in agricultural soils of Southern Tehran, Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 176(1-4): 677-691.

Hauschild, M. 2000. Estimating pesticide emissions for LCA of agricultural products. Agricultural Data for Life Cycle Assessments p. 70.

Hauschild, M., and Wenzel, H. 1998. Environmental Assessment of Products, Scientific IPCC. 1996. IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Revised Manual. In: Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Lim, B., Treanton, K., Mamaty, I., Bonduki, Y., Grigg, D.J.S., Callander, B.A. (Eds.), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IGES, Japan,

Horne, R., Grant, T., and Verghese, K. 2009. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles, Practice and Prospects: Csiro Publishing. Collingwod, Australia. 192 pp.

IPCC. 2006. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. In: Eggleston, H.S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K. (Eds.), Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. IGES, Japan.

Iriarte, A., Rieradevall, J., and Gabarrell, X. 2010. Life cycle assessment of sunflower and rapeseed as energy crops under Chilean conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production 18(4): 336-345.

Isermann, K. 1990: Ammoniakemissionen der Landwirtschaft als Bestandteil ihrer Stickstoffbilanz und hinreichende L6sungsansfitze zur Minderung. Bundesforschungsanstalt fiir Landwirtschaft (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany.

ISO, I. 2006. 14040 International Standard. Environmental management-life cycle assessment-requirements and guidelines. International Organisation for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Jalali, M. 2011. Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Toyserkan, western Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences 62(5): 907-913.

Kafilzadeh, F., Shiva, A.H., Malekpour, R., and Azad, H.N. 2012. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in water, sediments and fish from lake Parishan, Iran. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 4: 150-154.

Khoshnevisan, B., Rafiee, S., and Mousazadeh, H. 2013. Environmental impact assessment of open field and greenhouse strawberry production. European Journal of Agronomy 50: 29-37.

Khoshnevisan, B., Rafiee, S., Omid, M., Mousazadeh, H., and Clark, S. 2014. Environmental impact assessment of tomato and cucumber cultivation in greenhouses using life cycle assessment and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Journal of Cleaner Production 73: 183-192.

Liu, Y., Langer, V., Høgh-Jensen, H., and Egelyng, H. 2010. Life cycle assessment of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Chinese pear production. Journal of Cleaner Production 18(14): 1423-1430.

Mahvi, A., Nouri, J., Babaei, A., and Nabizadeh, R. 2005. Agricultural activities impact on groundwater nitrate pollution. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2(1): 41-47.

Milà i Canals, L., Burnip, G., and Cowell, S. 2006. Evaluation of the environmental impacts of apple production using life cycle assessment (LCA): case study in New Zealand. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 114(2): 226-238.

Margni, M., Rossier, D., Crettaz, P., and Jolliet, O. 2002. Life cycle impact assessment of pesticides on human health and ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 93(1): 379-392.

Mogensen, L., Hermansen, J.E., Halberg, N., Dalgaard, R., Vis, J., and Smith, B.G. 2009. Life cycle assessment across the food supply chain. Sustainability in the Food Industry p. 115-144.

Nemecek, T., Dubois, D., Huguenin-Elie, O., and Gaillard, G. 2011. Life cycle assessment of Swiss farming systems: I. Integrated and organic farming. Agricultural Systems 104(3): 217-232.

Notarnicola, B., Tassielli, G., and Nicoletti, G.M. 2004. Environmental and economic analysis of the organic and conventional extra-virgin olive oil. New Medit 3(2): 28-34.

Payraudeau, S., and Van Der Werf, H.M.G. 2005. Environmental impact assessment for a farming region: A review of methods. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 107: 1-19.

Pelletier, N., Arsenault, N., and Tyedmers, P. 2008. Scenario modeling potential eco-efficiency gains from a transition to organic agriculture: Life cycle perspectives on Canadian canola, corn, soy, and wheat production. Environmental Management 42(6): 989-1001.

Rajaeifar, M.A., Akram, A., Ghobadian, B., Rafiee, S., and Heidari, M.D. 2014. Energy-economic life cycle assessment (LCA) and greenhouse gas emissions analysis of olive oil production in Iran. Energy 66: 139-149.

Rebitzer, G., Ekvall, T., Frischknecht, R., Hunkeler, D., Norris, G., Rydberg, T., and Pennington, D. 2004. Life cycle assessment: Part 1: Framework, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications. Environment International 30(5): 701-720.

Robertson, G.P., and Vitousek, P.M. 2009. Nitrogen in agriculture: Balancing the cost of an essential resource. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34: 97-125.

Roy, P., Nei, D., Orikasa, T., Xu, Q., Okadome, H., Nakamura, N., and Shiina, T. 2009. A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products. Journal of Food Engineering 90(1): 1-10.

Sahle, A., and Potting, J. 2013. Environmental life cycle assessment of Ethiopian rose cultivation. Science of the Total Environment 443: 163-172.

Salomone, R., and Ioppolo, G. 2012. Environmental impacts of olive oil production: a Life Cycle Assessment case study in the province of Messina (Sicily). Journal of Cleaner Production 28: 88-100.

Standardization, I.O.F. 1997. Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Framework (Vol. 14040): ISO. Geneva, Switzerland

Stanners, D., and Bourdeau, P. 1995. Europe's Environment: the Dobris Assessment. In: Europe's Environment: The Dobris Assessment. Office for Official Publication of the European Communities. Europe's environment published by EEA. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Talebi, K. 1998. Diazinon Residues in the Basins of Anzali Lagoon, Iran Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Volume 61, Issue 4 p. 477-483.

Thomassen, M., Van Calker, K., Smits, M., Iepema, G., and De Boer, I. 2008. Life cycle assessment of conventional and organic milk production in the Netherlands. Agricultural Systems 96(1): 95-107.

Tilman, D., Fargione, J., Wolff, B., D’Antonio, C., Dobson, A., Howarth, R., Schindler, D., Schlesinger, W.H., Simberloff, D., and Swackhamer, D. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292: 281-284.

Van den Berg, F., Kubiak, R., Benjey, W.G., Majewsk, M.S.I., Yates, S.R., and Reeves, G.L. 1999. Emission of pesticides into water, air, and soil. Pollution 115: 195-218.

Venkat, K. 2012. Comparison of twelve organic and conventional farming systems: a life cycle greenhouse gas emissions perspective. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 36(6): 620-649.