بهینه‌سازی مصرف کود در گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) با استفاده از شاخص تغذیه نیتروژن

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مهدی نصیری محلاتی
• علیرضا کوچکی

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

10.22067/jag.v10i3.32578

چکیده

به­منظور نعیین شاخص تغذیه نیتروژن برای ارقام گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) آزمایشی مزرعه­ای با آرایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. دو فاکتور آزمایش عبارت بودند از سه رقم گندم (چمران، گاسکوژن و سایونز) و چهار سطح مصرف نیتروژن (صفر، 55، 110 و 170 کیلوگرم در هکتار). میزان ماده خشک و درصد نیتروژن قسمت های هوایی طی پنج نوبت در دوره رشد رویشی اندازه­گیری شد. با استفاده از این داده­ها غلظت­های بحرانی و منحنی بحرانی رقیق شدن نیتروژن محاسبه و با منحنی رقیق شدن مرجع برای گندم مقایسه شد. منحنی حاصل از این تحقیق غلظت­های بحرانی را کمتر از منحنی مرجع برآورد کرد، البته ضرایب معادله به­ضرایب منحنی مرجع نزدیک و با آن قابل مقایسه بود. به­طور کلی، منحنی رقیق شدن و جذب بحرانی نیتروژن کمبود، کفایت و بیش بود نیتروژن در قسمت های هوایی گندم را در سطوح مختلف مصرف این نهاده به­خوبی توصیف کرد. در تیمارهای شاهد و kg N.ha-1 55 هر سه رقم گندم در شرایط محدودیت نیتروژن قرار داشتند. در حالی­که در تیمار kg N.ha-1 170 مقدار نیتروژن تجمع یافته در گیاه بیشتر از نیاز رشدی بود، در تیمار kg N.ha-1 110 جذب نیتروژن در ارقام تحت بررسی به مقادیر بحرانی بسیار نزدیک بود. شاخص تغذیه نیتروژن (NNI) از نسبت غلظت اندازه­گیری شده نیتروژن در قسمت هوایی به نسبت بحرانی آن محاسبه شد. در تیمارهای شاهد و kg N.ha-1 55  مقدار NNI در تمام دوره رویشی کمتر از یک بود در حالی­که در تیمار kg N.ha-1 110 در حدود یک و در تیمار kg N.ha-1 170  بین 1 تا 3/1 قرار داشت. شاخص تغذیه نیتروژن در مرحله گلدهی رابطه معنی­داری با عملکرد نسبی ارقام گندم داشت و حداکثر عملکرد هر سه رقم تحت بررسی در NNI بین 1-9/0 حاصل شد. بین پروتئین دانه و NNI در مرحله گلدهی نیز رابطه خطی معنی­داری وجود داشت. بر اساس یافته­های این تحقیق با استفاده از شاخص تغذیه نیتروژن که بر مبنای منحنی رقیق شدن این نهاده محاسبه می­شود می­توان برآورد دقیقی از سرعت رشد محصول، تولید ماده خشک، عملکرد و تا حدودی پروتئین دانه به­دست آورد و مقدار بهینه کود نیتروژن را برای دستیابی به هر سطحی از عملکرد دانه تعیین نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• غلظت بحرانی نیتروژن
• منحنی رقیق شدن بحرانی نیتروژن
• جذب بحرانی نیتروژن
• عملکرد دانه
• پروتئین

20.1001.1.20087713.1397.10.3.4.6

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عنوان مقاله [English]

Optimizing Fertiliser Application Rates in Wheat Using Nitrogen Nutrition Index

نویسندگان [English]

• M. Nassiri Mahallati
• A. koocheki

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Crop response to nitrogen (N) is usually evaluated by N use efficiency and diminishing return curves between yield and applied N fertilizers. However, both methods are highly variable due to environmental conditions and are dependent to the amount, timing and type of N fertilizers. Extending the results of such studies will led to overestimation of crop N requirements as a result of differences in precipitation, temperature and radiation across locations and years. Therefore optimizing fertilizer use for maximum productivity should be based on methods with higher certainty. Nitrogen nutrition index i.e. the ratio of actual N concentration in plant tissues to the critical N concentration is more reliable measure for fertilizer recommendation because of its stability over environmental fluctuations. However, for development of N nutrition index the critical dilution cure should be specifically established for each crop. In this papers N nutrition index is estimated for different wheat cultivars and tested for evaluation of grain yield in response to N application rates.
 
Materials and Methods
To determine N nutrition index for wheat cultivars, a field experiment was conducted with factorial arrangement based on complete randomized block design with three replications. Experimental factors included three wheat cultivars (Chamran, Gaskogen and Sionez) and four N application rates (0, 55, 110 and 170 kg N ha-1). Shoot dry matter and N concentration was measured in five sampling during vegetative growth period. Using these data critical N concentrations and critical N dilution curves were calculated and compared with the previously established reference dilution curve for wheat crop. Nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) was then calculated as the ratio between measured shoot N (%) and the critical N concentration. Using NII grain yield and protein content of wheat cultivars was compared under different levels of N fertilizer.
 
Results and Discussion
Critical concentration of nitrogen was slightly underestimated by the curve obtained in this study compared to reference curve. However, estimated coefficients of the dilution curve were closed to those of reference curve of wheat crop. Overall, nitrogen deficiency, sufficiency and excess in shoot dry matter were properly described by the estimated critical dilution and critical uptake curves. All wheat cultivars were nitrogen limited in no fertilized control and with application of 55 kg N ha-1 however, in 170 kg N ha-1 shoot nitrogen content was more than amount required for optimal growth and in 110 kg N ha-1 nitrogen uptake was closed to critical values. In unfertilized control and 55 kg N ha-1 NNI was lower than 1 during the whole vegetative growth period. However, in 110 kg N ha-1 NNI was almost 1 and in 170 kg N ha-1 varied between 1-1.3. A significant relation was obtained between NNI at flowering and relative yield of wheat cultivars and grain yield of three cultivars reached to its maximum at NNI between 0.9-1. Grain protein was also linearly correlated with NII at flowering.
 Conclusion
Based on the results nitrogen nutrition index calculated from critical dilution curve could be used as a powerful tool for precise estimation of crop growth rate, dry matter accumulation, grain yield and protein and to optimize the amount of N fertilizer required for any predefined yield level

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Critical N concentration
• Critical N dilution curve
• Critical N uptake
• grain yield
• Grain protein

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