ارزیابی تاب‌آوری اکولوژیکی بوم‌نظام‌های کشاورزی استان خراسان رضوی: مقایسه بوم‌نظام‌های تلفیقی و غیر تلفیقی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

کشاورزی بخش بسیار مهمی از اهداف توسعه پایدار سازمان ملل را در بردارد. کشاورزی در صورتی می‌تواند نقش مثبتی در دستیابی اهداف توسعه پایدار داشته باشد که از تاب‌آوری اکولوژیکی و بهبود ظرفیت‌های مرتبط با آن در جهت مقابله با طیف گسترده‌ای از چالش‌های محیطی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی برخوردار باشد. در این پژوهش، تاب‌آوری اکولوژیکی بوم‌نظام‌های کشاورزی استان خراسان رضوی بر‌اساس اطلاعات جمع‌آوری‌شده از ۸۷ خانوار و در ۱۰ شهرستان این استان مورد ارزیابی کمّی قرار گرفت. برای این منظور، اطلاعات مورد نیاز با تکمیل پرس‌شنامه جامع و مصاحبه حضوری با خانوارها جمع‌آوری شد و داده‌ها با استفاده از روش RIMA II-FAO تجزیه‌ و تحلیل شدند. در این رابطه، ابتدا خانوارهای روستایی بر‌اساس سطح زیرکشت محصولات زراعی و همچنین تولید زعفران (Crocus sativus) و تعداد واحدهای دامی در مالکیت آن‌ها خوشه‌بندی شد و بوم‌نظام‌ها در چهار گروه دسته‌بندی شدند. گروه اول: تنها به زراعت مشغول بودند (G1)، گروه دوم: نظام تلفیقی زراعت و دامداری در سطح متوسط داشتند (G2)، گروه سوم: تنها به دامداری در سطح بزرگ مشغول بودند (G3) و گروه چهارم: دارای هر دو نظام تلفیقی زراعت و دامداری در سطح بزرگ (G4) بودند. تاب‌آوری خانوارها در هر یک از این چهار گروه بر‌اساس پنج مؤلفه (میزان دارایی، ظرفیت سازگاری، وضعیت تنوع زیستی، شدت فشرده‌سازی و استفاده از خدمات بوم‌نظامی) که هر یک با تعدادی نمایه سنجیده ‌شد، مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. امتیازهای این پنج مؤلفه بعد از وزن دهی و نرمال‌سازی تجمیع شد و شاخصی در مقیاس صفر تا پنج برای تاب‌آوری محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که بین تاب‌آوری سیستم‌های زراعی و پنج مؤلفه مذکور، رابطه مستقیم و معنی‌داری وجود داشت و از بین آن‌ها، تنوع زیستی بیشترین تأثیر را بر تاب‌آوری خانوارهای کشاورز داشت. همچنین مؤلفه‌های میزان دارایی، ظرفیت سازگاری و استفاده از خدمات بوم‌نظامی نیز به‌طور مستقیم بر افزایش تاب‌آوری خانوارهای روستایی تأثیرگذار بودند، درحالی‌که فشرده‌سازی دارای تأثیر منفی بر شاخص تاب‌آوری خانوارهای روستایی بود. بر این اساس، خانوارهای گروه (G2) و (G4) یعنی بوم‌نظام‌هایی که با تلفیق دامداری و زراعت مدیریت می‌شدند، به‌ترتیب بیشترین میزان تاب‌آوری را نسبت به دو گروه دیگر، یعنی خانوارهایی که تنها به زراعت مشغول بودند (G1) و خانوارهایی که تنها به دامداری مشغول بودند (G3) به خود اختصاص دادند و کمترین میزان تاب‌آوری مربوط به خانوارهایی بود که تنها به دامداری در سطح بزرگ مشغول بودند (G3) بود. در مقایسه نظام‌های تلفیقی مشخص شد که به‌طور کلی، بالا بودن امتیاز مؤلفه‌های تنوع زیستی، خدمات بوم‌نظام، ظرفیت سازگاری، میزان پایین فشرده‌سازی، همچنین سطوح کوچک‌تر مزارع مربوط به خانوارهایی که نظام تلفیقی زراعت و دامداری در سطح متوسط داشتند (G2) از مهم‌ترین عوامل تعیین‌کننده سطح بالای تاب‌آوری در این گروه نسبت به ‌نظام‌های تلفیقی زراعت و دامداری هر دو در سطح بزرگ (G4) بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Ecological Resilience of Agricultural Ecosystems in Razavi Khorasan Province: Comparison of Integrated and Non-Integrated Ecosystems

نویسندگان [English]

  • Pegah Naghipour
  • Alireza Koocheki
  • Mahdi Nasiri mahalati
  • Soroor Khorramdel
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction[1]
Agriculture plays a very important role in the realization of many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). If agriculture is to make a positive contribution to achieving these goals, ensuring the ecological resilience of farmers i.e. improving adaptation capacity of the households as well as the whole production system to a wide range of environmental changes and shocks is crucial. The intensification of climate change caused by global warming and its consequences, including the occurrence of long droughts, floods and other natural disasters, have threatened the food security of subsistence farmers and smallholders in the first place, and the food security of large communities in the long run. Also recently, the covid-19 pandemic and the possibility of similar epidemics have created more concerns. Therefore, the issue of resilience has been highly considered by researchers and international organizations, especially the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), so that resilience has been defined as one of the 10 elements of agroecology. On the other hand, numerous research evidences have shown that integrated systems (combination of crop cultivation and animal husbandry) in order to increase structural and functional diversity, increase ecological resilience against severe environmental stresses and climate changes. In addition, integrated systems have different resilience and ecological stability depending on the intensity, amount and type of integration. Therefore, in the recent years large number of researches are conducted to address the resilience of agricultural systems. Since the ecological dimensions of resilience have not been comprehensively investigated in Iran, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the ecological resilience of rural households in Razavi Khorasan province and compare systems based on agriculture, based on livestock and integrated systems of agriculture and livestock. In this research, the recommended method of FAO has been used to evaluate resilience.
Materials and Methods
The required informations were collected from 87 households from 10 cities within the province by completing a comprehensive questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with households. Data were analyzed using RIMA II-FAO method. Clustering of 87 households based on their corresponding cultivated area of crops, saffron and the number of livestock units was resulted in 4 livelihood groups, including only cropping (G1), the integrated crop-livestock at medium level (G2), only livestock at large level (G3) and integrated crop-livestock both at large level (G4). The resilience of households in each group was evaluated based on 5 components (asset, adaptive capacity, biodiversity, intensification, and use of ecosystem services), each measured by a number of indicators. The scores of 5 components were aggregated after weighting, by using factor analysis, and normalization to develop a composite resilience index in 1-5 scale.
Results and Discussion
The results showed a significant relationship between the resilience of rural households and the 5 mentioned components where intensification had negative correlation with resilience while the impact of assets, adaptation capacity, biodiversity and use of ecosystem services on household resilience was positive with the highest correlation for biodiversity. The households of integrated crop-livestock groups (G2) and (G4) had the highest resilience compared to households in single enterprise groups i.e. only cropping (G1) and only livestock (G3), with the lowest resilience in G3. In general, the high score of the components of biodiversity, ecosystem services, adaptive capacity, as well as the low level of intensification in small to medium scale integrated crop-livestock systems resulted to more resilient households while large scale single enterprise households had lower resilience despite their higher assets.
Conclusion
Resilience is fundamental bases of sustainability and it refers to the ability of systems to return to its initial state after facing environmental tensions. The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate ecological resilience for agriculture ecosystems of Khorason Razavi province. The main findings indicated that the integrated farmlands with other activities particularly with animal husbandry is much more resilient than pure and monotype farm production systems.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Honorable Vice Chancellor of Research and Technology of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad for providing the costs of this research.



 
 



 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Adaptive capacity
  • Biodiversity
  • Composite resilience index
  • Integrated system
  • Intensification
  • Sustainable agriculture

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

  

 

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 17 دی 1402
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