تحلیل پایداری نظام تولید گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)و جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) دیم در ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• محمد جعفر اصفهانی ¹
• حامد جوادی ²

¹ گروه اقتصاد منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، موسسه پزوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، تهران، ایران.

² گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، ایران

10.22067/agry.2021.20247.0

چکیده

در کنار افزایش تولید، توجه به اثرات زیست‌محیطی و به حداقل رساندن آن نیز از مسائل مهم و ضروری در برنامه­ریزی و سیاست‌گذاری بخش کشاورزی است. در این مطالعه، پایداری تولید گندم و جو دیم که بخش اعظم سطح زیر کشت غلات دیم کشور را به خود اختصاص می‌دهد با استفاده از شاخص ردپای اکولوژیک چند کارکردی برای سال زراعی 96- 1395 بررسی شد. برای انجام تحلیل پایداری از داده‌های موجود در منابع اطلاعاتی شامل سامانه وزارت جهاد کشاورزی، آمارنامه کشاورزی و نیز آمار و اسناد انتشار یافته در بانک‌های اطلاعاتی داخلی و خارجی استفاده شد. در این تحقیق، زمین بهره­ور زیستی به‌عنوان شاخص ردپای اکولوژیک مستقیم و میزان زمین لازم برای جذب مواد زائد حاصل از فرآیند تولید به‌عنوان ردپای غیرمستقیم در نظر گرفته شد. پس از محاسبه شاخص ردپای اکولوژیک برای یک هکتار مزارع گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) و جو دیم (Hordeum vulgare L.)، شاخص ردپا بر مبنای واحدهای مختلف کارکردی، عملکرد، محصول و سود محاسبه شد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که دامنه شاخص ردپای اکولوژیک تولید یک هکتار گندم دیم بین 57/2 در استان‌ خراسان جنوبی تا 87/2 هکتار جهانی در استان البرز بود و برای تولید یک هکتار جو دیم در کشور از 57/2 در استان‌ها خراسان جنوبی تا 73/2 هکتار جهانی در استان مرکزی متغیر بود. شاخص ردپای اکولوژیک بر مبنای عملکرد نشان داد که تولید یک تن گندم­دیم در استان‌های مازندران، اردبیل و گلستان در وضعیت پایدارتری نسبت به سایر استان­ها قرار دارد. همچنین پایداری زیست‌محیطی تولید یک تن جو دیم استان‌های مازندران، البرز و گیلان در وضعیت مطلوب‌تری در سطح کشور قرار دارد. نتایج همبستگی نشان داد که بین شاخص ردپای اکولوژیک و ردپای اکولوژیک عملکرد در تولید گندم دیم رابطه معنی‌داری وجود دارد، ولی این رابطه در مورد جو دیم مشاهده نشد. همچنین رابطه معنی‌داری بین ردپای اکولوژیک بر مبنای عملکرد و سود مشاهده نشد که عدم مدیریت هزینه در تولید دو محصول گندم و جو دیم را نشان می‌دهد. بر این اساس، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که کاربرد نهاده­های شیمیایی در این استان‌ها تنها سبب افزایش آلایندگی شده و افزایش سودآوری را به دنبال نداشته است، بنابراین توصیه می‌شود با توجه به شرایط اقلیمی این مناطق، میزان بهینه کاربرد نهاده­های کشاورزی در بین کشاورزان پیشنهاد و ترویج شود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای
• ردپای اکولوژیک
• هکتار جهانی

20.1001.1.20087713.1401.14.1.8.4

موضوعات

• بوم شناسی کشاورزی و دانش بومی

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عنوان مقاله [English]

An Evaluation of Sustainability Analysis of Rainfed Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Production Systems in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

• Mohammad Jafar Esfahani ¹
• Hamed Javadi ²

¹ Agricultural Planning, Economics and Rural Development Research Institute, Tehran, Iran

² Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Wheat and barley are important strategic crops that constitute the staple food of the world population including Iranian people. Given the role of these crops in the household food basket, food safety and self-sufficiency in the production of these crops can be an important and valuable step towards economic independence. Increasing agricultural production due to the use of chemical inputs causes serious damage to the environment. Therefore, any plan and policy to increase production, in addition to technical and economic aspects, must also be analyzed from an environmental perspective. Considering the importance of this issue, the present study aims to investigate the sustainability of rainfed wheat and barley production using the multifunctional ecological footprint (EF). The results can provide useful information to agricultural planners and policymakers.
Materials and Methods
To analyze sustainability, data from Agricultural Statistics of 2017 and the statistics published in domestic databases were used. In the agricultural sector, the footprint indicator should reflect the type of agricultural operations and land use. Accordingly, the EF is divided into two parts: direct and indirect parts of the footprint. The direct footprint indicates the amount of land, buildings, forests, and rangelands for crop production that is defined as the amount of bio-productive area. The indirect footprint represents the amount of bio-productive land used to absorb the amount of CO₂ emitted during crop production and agricultural operations.
Other aspects and benefits of EF are the use of different functional units that can provide researchers with broader analytical backgrounds. For this purpose, evaluating EF based on a ton of crops, 10,000 Rials income and benefits in the field were also calculated using divided EF by each of the different functional units.
Results and Discussion
Concerning rainfed wheat production, Alborz, Mazandaran, and Golestan provinces had the highest emissions by 1632, 1140 and 860 kgCO₂eq, respectively and Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Qom provinces had the lowest emissions. Concerning rainfed barley production, Markazi, Hamedan, and Mazandaran provinces emitted 989, 869, and 775 kg CO₂eq, respectively, so that they were ranked first whereas Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Isfahan provinces with 236, 263 and 298 kg CO₂eq had the lowest emissions. EF for rainfed wheat production ranges from 2.57 in South Khorasan to 2.87 in Alborz. EF for rainfed barley ranges from 2.57 in South Khorasan to 2.73 in Markazi. With respect to rainfed wheat and barley production, on-farm emissions had a higher share in indirect EF than off-farm emissions. EF for one ton of rainfed wheat varied from 0.75 Gha in Mazandaran province to 10.85 Gha in South Khorasan province. EF yield of rainfed barley production indicates that Fars, Isfahan, and South Khorasan provinces are in the most unsustainable conditions for producing one ton of rainfed barley.
The results of correlation between EF and yield EF and benefit revealed a significant relationship between EF of rainfed wheat and barley in provinces at the 1% probability level. Also, there was a significant relationship between EF and yield EF in rainfed wheat at the 5% probability level, but this relation was not significant for rainfed barley. Also, the lack of a significant relationship between EF yield and EF profit shows that an increase in crop yield would not necessarily lead to an increase in the benefit of rainfed wheat and barley.
Conclusion
The comparison of EF indices and correlation between them showed that increasing inputs in rainfed wheat could increase yield, but it had no effect on barley yield enhancement. On the other hand, no statistically significant relationship between EF yield and benefit showed that yield increase does not necessarily lead to higher profitability. Therefore, cost management is one of the key elements in increasing the profitability of rainfed cereal production at the national level. Therefore, to increase the sustainability of rainfed cereal production at the national level, apart from planning to increase yield, policy-making for efficient use of resources and reducing production costs should be considered a key basis in production planning and policy-making.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Ecological footprint
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• global hectare

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