اثر غلظت نیتروژن بقایا و گذشت زمان بر دینامیک بقایای گیاه یونجه (Medicago sativa L.) در مناطق با شرایط آب و هوایی مختلف

شفیعی, سعید; گلچین, احمد; دلاور, مجمد امیر

doi:10.22067/jag.v8i3.40115

اثر غلظت نیتروژن بقایا و گذشت زمان بر دینامیک بقایای گیاه یونجه (Medicago sativa L.) در مناطق با شرایط آب و هوایی مختلف

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران

10.22067/jag.v8i3.40115

چکیده

توازن کربن در بوم نظام های زمینی از اختلاف بین کربن ورودی از طریق بقایای گیاهی و برگشت کربن به اتمسفر از طریق تجزیه مواد آلی تعیین می گردد و تجزیه مواد آلی خود توسط عوامل زنده و غیرزنده مانند کیفیت بقایا و شرایط اقلیمی کنترل می شود. بر این اساس هدف این پژوهش بررسی معدنی شدن کربن بقایای گیاه یونجه (Medicago sativa L.) در شرایط آب و هوایی مختلف می باشد. برای این منظور آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت پلات در زمان بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه شرایط آب و هوایی اجرا گردید و اثر شرایط آب و هوایی از طریق تجزیه مرکب آنالیز شد. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی شامل منطقه در سه سطح (جیرفت، نراب و ساردوئیه)، غلظت نیتروژن بقایا در سه سطح (کم، متوسط و زیاد) و زمان نمونه برداری در چهار سطح (دو، چهار، شش و هشت ماه پس از شروع آزمایش) بود. تعیین اقلیم به روش تحلیل خوشه ای و آزمایش به روش کیسه لاشبرگ انجام گردید و کیف های کلش در سطح خاک قرار داده شدند. نتایج نشان داد که منطقه، غلظت نیتروژن بقایا و زمان نمونه برداری تأثیر معنی داری بر مقدار کربن باقیمانده، هدررفت و ثابت سرعت تجزیه کربن داشت. اثرات متقابل مناطق و گذشت زمان تأثیر معنی داری بر کربن باقیمانده و ثابت سرعت تجزیه کربن داشت. به طوری که بیشترین کربن باقیمانده در منطقه جیرفت و بیشترین ثابت سرعت تجزیه کربن در منطقه ساردوئیه اندازه گیری شد. در منطقه جیرفت علی رغم بالاتر بودن دما هدررفت و ثابت سرعت تجزیه کربن کمتر از منطقه ساردوئیه بود، به دلیل مناسب بودن دما در ماه های فروردین تا آبان ماه در مناطق مورد مطالعه به نظر می رسد رطوبت در طی این ماه ها فاکتور مهمی برای تجزیه بقایای گیاهی است و در منطقه ساردوئیه در طی هشت ماه 6/30 درصد هدررفت کربن وجود داشت. در هر سه منطقه بیشترین ثابت سرعت تجزیه کربن در ماه های فروردین و اردیبهشت مشاهده شد. افزون بر این، با افزایش غلظت نیتروژن بقایا، کربن باقیمانده کاهش و هدررفت و ثابت سرعت تجزیه کربن افزایش یافت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Residue Nitrogen Concentration and Time Duration on Carbon Mineralization Rate of Alfalfa Residues in Regions with Different Climatic Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

Saeid Shafiei
Ahmad Golchin
Mohammad Amir Delavar

Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Various factors like climatic conditions, vegetation, soil properties, topography, time, plant residue quality and crop management strategies affect the decomposition rate of organic carbon (OC) and its residence time in soil. Plant residue management concerns nutrients recycling, carbon recycling in ecosystems and the increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Plant residue decomposition is a fundamental process in recycling of organic matter and elements in most ecosystems. Soil management, particularly plant residue management, changes soil organic matter both qualitatively and quantitatively. Soil respiration and carbon loss are affected by soil temperature, soil moisture, air temperature, solar radiation and precipitation. In natural agro-ecosystems, residue contains different concentrations of nitrogen. It is important to understand the rate and processes involved in plant residue decomposition, as these residues continue to be added to the soil under different weather conditions, especially in arid and semi-arid climates.
Material and methods
Organic carbon mineralization of alfalfa residue with different nitrogen concentrations was assessed in different climatic conditions using split-plot experiments over time and the effects of climate was determined using composite analysis. The climatic conditions were classified as warm-arid (Jiroft), temperate arid (Narab) and cold semi-arid (Sardouiyeh) using cluster analysis and the nitrogen (N) concentrations of alfalfa residue were low, medium and high. The alfalfa residue incubated for four different time periods (2, 4, 6 and 8 months). The dynamics of organic carbon in different regions measured using litter bags (20×10 cm) containing 20 g alfalfa residue of 2-10 mm length which were placed on the soil surface.
Results and discussion
The results of this study showed that in a warm-arid (Jiroft), carbon loss and the carbon decomposition rate constant were low in a cold semi-arid (Sardouiyeh). The most suitable temperatures occurred from April to October in arid and semiarid climates and soil moisture is probably the key contributor to the rate of decomposition. The highest carbon loss in alfalfa in the cold, semiarid climate for a period of 8 months was 32.64%. The highest carbon decomposition rate constant was observed in the first 2 months of the incubation time. These results indicate that higher nitrogen residue resulted in greater decomposition of plant residue and lower carbon remaining in all tested climates. The higher nitrogen content of plant residue potentially increases the concentration of nitrogen in crop residue and may increase the decomposition rate.
The strong relation between decomposition and climate has led to the belief that favorable climatic conditions can increase the decomposition rate on a global scale and positively decrease and distribute greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In arid and semi-arid ecosystems, it is difficult to assess the decomposition rate based on climatic data; it seems to be related to temperature and available humidity. Furthermore, Austin & Vivanco (2006) reported that, in semi-arid climates, the litter decomposition rate decreased by 60 % when solar radiation was attenuated; they concluded that photodegradation exerts dominant control over litter decomposition in a dry ecosystem.
Conclusions
The results showed that, precipitation of the study area and soil moisture played a key role in the plant residue decomposition rate. In the cold semi-arid climate which moisture was available for decomposition of plant residues for a longer period of time, OC loss and decomposition rate constant were higher than those obtained for warm-arid and temperate-arid climatic conditions. It may be concluded that crop fertilization, which increases P and N concentrations of plant residue, increases decomposition rate of plant residue but decrease its mean residence time in soils.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Carbon decomposition rate constant
Carbon loss
Climate condition

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